日本-琉球語系

日本-琉球語系
	Japanese-Ryukyuan
使用族群	大和族、琉球族
地理分佈	日本、琉球、帛琉
譜系學分類	世界主要語系之一
分支	日語琉球語
ISO 639-5	jpx
	–
Glottolog	japo1237

日本語系（英語：Japonic languages），或稱日本-琉球語系（英語：Japanese-Ryukyuan languages），是世界主要語系之一，包含日語和琉球語兩大分支，使用人口約1.25億。

介紹

關於日本語與其它語言和語系的關係到目前為止由學者們提出過許多理論:

日琉語系：日琉語系這個概念最早由美國的日本學者萊昂·塞拉芬提出^[2]，後來這一概念受到國際語言學者的普遍接受，根據日琉同祖論，日琉語系的所有語言的祖語都是原始日語(Proto-Japonic)^[3]。

孤立語言：有些日本學者認為琉球語是日語的方言，稱之為琉球方言，但大部分語言學家認為日語和琉球語是兩個屬於同語系但有很大區別的語言，各有各的方言。服部四郎認為，日語和琉球語分化的時間為大和時代^[4]。

澳台語系：南島語與日語也有類似點：元音(母音)有5個，即あ(a)、い(i)、う(u)、え(e)、お(o)，不使用雙重元音；單詞以元音結束；濁音不同於單詞之首等，但日本語與南島語系語言之間缺乏同源詞彙。

扶餘語系：克里斯多福·貝克威思提出了扶餘語系的假說，認為高句麗語、百濟語、新羅語、古日語等古代語言可能同源。

漢藏語系：西田龍雄認為日語屬於漢藏語系藏緬語族。

阿爾泰語系：持阿爾泰超語系假說的人認為日語屬於阿爾泰語系，但該語系已經在主流學術界上被否定^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]。不過，仍有少數學者支持存在這個語系^[10]。因此是否存在這個語系，學術界直到現在都存在爭議。

達羅毗荼語系：大野晉認為日本語屬於達羅毗荼語系。

分類

日語

日語（jpn）
- 八丈方言
- 東日本方言
  - 北海道方言
  - 東北方言
    - 北奧羽方言
    - 南奧羽方言
  - 關東方言
    - 東關東方言
    - 西關東方言
    - 東京方言
  - 東海東山方言
    - 長野、山梨、靜岡方言
    - 越後方言
    - 岐阜、愛知方言
- 西日本方言
  - 北陸方言
  - 近畿方言
  - 四國方言
  - 中國方言
    - 東山陽方言
    - 西中國方言
    - 東山陰方言
  - 雲伯方言
- 九州方言
  - 豐日方言
  - 肥筑方言
  - 薩隅方言
- 琉球日語
  - 沖繩日語

琉球語

琉球語（JPB）
- 奄美－沖繩方言（北琉球方言）（amok; JPBA）
  - 北部（naok; JPBAA）
    - 北奄美方言（ryn）
    - 南奄美方言（ams）
    - 喜界島方言（kzg）
    - 德之島方言（tkn）
  - 南部（saok; JPBAB）
    - 沖永良部島方言（okn）
    - 與論島方言（yox）
    - 國頭方言（xug）
    - 首里－那霸中央方言（ryu）
- 先島方言（南琉球方言）（saki; JPBB）
  - 宮古方言（mvi）
    - 宮古次方言
    - 伊良部次方言
  - 八重山方言（rys）
    - 石垣島次方言
    - 西表島次方言
    - 竹富島次方言
  - 與那國方言（yoi）

人造語言

《星界的紋章》中所用的人工語言亞維語亦被其作者歸入本語系內。

參見

參考文獻

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (編). 日本-琉球语系. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
↑ Shimabukuro, Moriyo. (2007). The Accentual History of the Japanese and Ryukyuan Languages: a Reconstruction, p. 1.
↑ Miyake, Marc Hideo. (2008). Old Japanese: a Phonetic Reconstruction. p.的 66.，第66頁，於Google圖書
↑ Heinrich, Patrick. "What leaves a mark should no longer stain: Progressive erasure and reversing language shift activities in the Ryukyu Islands," First International Small Island Cultures Conference at Kagoshima University, Centre for the Pacific Islands, February 7–10, 2005; citing Shiro Hattori. (1954) Gengo nendaigaku sunawachi goi tokeigaku no hoho ni tsuite ("Concerning the Method of Glottochronology and Lexicostatistics"), Gengo kenkyu (Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan), Vols. 26/27.
↑ "While 'Altaic' is repeated in encyclopedias and handbooks most specialists in these languages no longer believe that the three traditional supposed Altaic groups, Turkic, Mongolian and Tungusic, are related." Lyle Campbell & Mauricio J. Mixco, A Glossary of Historical Linguistics (2007, University of Utah Press), pg. 7.
↑ "When cognates proved not to be valid, Altaic was abandoned, and the received view now is that Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungusic are unrelated." Johanna Nichols, Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time (1992, Chicago), pg. 4.
↑ "Careful examination indicates that the established families, Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungusic, form a linguistic area (called Altaic)...Sufficient criteria have not been given that would justify talking of a genetic relationship here." R.M.W. Dixon, The Rise and Fall of Languages (1997, Cambridge), pg. 32.
↑ "...[T]his selection of features does not provide good evidence for common descent" and "we can observe convergence rather than divergence between Turkic and Mongolic languages--a pattern than is easily explainable by borrowing and diffusion rather than common descent", Asya Pereltsvaig, Languages of the World, An Introduction (2012, Cambridge) has a good discussion of the Altaic hypothesis (pp. 211-216).
↑ Georg et al. 1999: 73–74
↑ Stefan Georg, Peter A. Michalove, Alexis Manaster Ramer, and Paul J. Sidwell (1999): "Telling general linguists about Altaic". Journal of Linguistics, volume 35, issue 1, pages 65–98.

外部連結

（英文）Ethnologue上的有關日琉語系的報告

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (編). 日本-琉球语系. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.

[2] Shimabukuro, Moriyo. (2007). The Accentual History of the Japanese and Ryukyuan Languages: a Reconstruction, p. 1.

[3] Miyake, Marc Hideo. (2008). Old Japanese: a Phonetic Reconstruction. p.的 66.，第66頁，於Google圖書

[4] Heinrich, Patrick. "What leaves a mark should no longer stain: Progressive erasure and reversing language shift activities in the Ryukyu Islands," First International Small Island Cultures Conference at Kagoshima University, Centre for the Pacific Islands, February 7–10, 2005; citing Shiro Hattori. (1954) Gengo nendaigaku sunawachi goi tokeigaku no hoho ni tsuite ("Concerning the Method of Glottochronology and Lexicostatistics"), Gengo kenkyu (Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan), Vols. 26/27.

[5] "While 'Altaic' is repeated in encyclopedias and handbooks most specialists in these languages no longer believe that the three traditional supposed Altaic groups, Turkic, Mongolian and Tungusic, are related." Lyle Campbell & Mauricio J. Mixco, A Glossary of Historical Linguistics (2007, University of Utah Press), pg. 7.

[6] "When cognates proved not to be valid, Altaic was abandoned, and the received view now is that Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungusic are unrelated." Johanna Nichols, Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time (1992, Chicago), pg. 4.

[7] "Careful examination indicates that the established families, Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungusic, form a linguistic area (called Altaic)...Sufficient criteria have not been given that would justify talking of a genetic relationship here." R.M.W. Dixon, The Rise and Fall of Languages (1997, Cambridge), pg. 32.

[8] "...[T]his selection of features does not provide good evidence for common descent" and "we can observe convergence rather than divergence between Turkic and Mongolic languages--a pattern than is easily explainable by borrowing and diffusion rather than common descent", Asya Pereltsvaig, Languages of the World, An Introduction (2012, Cambridge) has a good discussion of the Altaic hypothesis (pp. 211-216).

[9] Georg et al. 1999: 73–74

[georg1999-10] Stefan Georg, Peter A. Michalove, Alexis Manaster Ramer, and Paul J. Sidwell (1999): "Telling general linguists about Altaic". Journal of Linguistics, volume 35, issue 1, pages 65–98.

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