印度河文字

出自求聞百科
印度河文字
類型未解讀文字青銅時代文字
語言未知（見哈拉帕語）
使用時期前2600年－前1900年
ISO 15924Inds、610
書寫方向從右到左
注意：本頁可能包含Unicode的國際音標。
刻有印度河文字的印章

印度河文字（英語：Indus script）在古代印度河流域文明成熟哈拉帕（Mature Harappan）時期使用的古字符，約為公元前26世紀至20世紀。目前還不能確定這些是用來記錄語言的文字，抑或是一些符號。雖然科學家花費了很大的努力破解這些古文字[1]，但至今仍未成功。同時也沒有已知的可供對譯的雙語銘文。

歷史

1873年，考古學家亞歷山大·卡寧厄姆在一幅哈拉帕繪畫上發現了包含印度河文字的印章。此後，先後發現了4000餘刻有這種古文字的物件，其中有些在遠至美索不達米亞的地方被發現。1970年代初，印度學者Iravatham Mahadevan出版了一部印度河文字彙編，其中收錄了大約3700枚印章與417個圖案詳細的不同符號。銘文平均由5個符號組成，最長的則由17個符號組成。他還確定了符號的書寫方向為由右至左。[2]

自1877年起，卡寧厄姆等一些早期學者認為印度河文字可能是婆羅米文的原型。G.R. Hunter、Mahadevan及其他少數一些學者支持卡寧厄姆的假說，認為婆羅米文源於印度河文字。不過現今大多學者認為婆羅米文源於亞蘭字母。

參見

注釋

  1. ↑ Gregory L. Possehl. Indus Age: The Writing System. University of Pennsylvania Press. 1996. ISBN 0-8122-3345-X. 
  2. ↑ Write signs for Indus script?. Nature India. 2009-05-31 [2009-06-01]. 

參考文獻

  • Bryant, Edwin (2000), The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture : The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate Oxford University Press.
  • B. B. Lal. On the Most Frequently Used Sign in the Indus Script. 1977. 
  • Everson, Michael. Proposal for encoding the Indus script in Plane 1 of the UCS (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. 1999-01-29 [2010-08-31]. 
  • Farmer, Steve et al. (2004) The Collapse of the Indus-Script Thesis: The Myth of a Literate Harappan Civilization, Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies (EJVS), vol. 11 (2004), issue 2 (Dec) [1] (PDF).
  • Knorozov, Yuri V. (ed.) (1965) Predvaritel』noe soobshchenie ob issledovanii protoindiyskikh textov. Moscow.
  • Mahadevan, Iravatham, Murukan In the Indus Script (1999)
  • Mahadevan, Iravatham, Aryan or Dravidian or Neither? A Study of Recent Attempts to Decipher the Indus Script (1995–2000) EJVS (ISSN 1084-7561) vol. 8 (2002) issue 1 (March 8).[2]
  • Heras, Henry. Studies in Proto-Indo-Mediterranean Culture, Bombay: Indian Historical Research Institute, 1953.
  • Parpola, Asko et al. (1987-2010). Corpus of Indus seals and inscriptions, Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia (Academia scientiarum Fennica), 1987-2010.
  • Parpola, Asko (1994), Deciphering the Indus script Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Parpola, Asko (2005) Study of the Indus Script. 50th ICES Tokyo Session.
  • Parpola, Asko (2008) Is the Indus script indeed not a writing system?. Published in Airāvati, Felicitation volume in honour of Iravatham Mahadevan, Chennai.
  • Possehl, Gregory L. Indus Age: The Writing System. University of Pennsylvania Press. 1996. ISBN 0-8122-3345-X. .
  • Walter Ashlin Fairservis. The Harappan Civilization and Its Writing: A Model for the Decipherment of the Indus Script. BRILL. 1992. 
  • Rao, R.P.N. et al. (2009). "Entropic Evidence for Linguistic Structure in the Indus Script". Science, 29 May 2009.
  • Rao, R.P.N. (2010). "Probabilistic Analysis of an Ancient Undeciphered Script". IEEE Computer, vol. 43(4), 76-80, April 2010.
  • Sproat, R. (2014). "A Statistical Comparison of Written Language and Nonlinguistic Symbol Systems" . "Language", vol. 90(2), 457-481, June 2014.
  • Subramanian, T. S. (2006) "Significance of Mayiladuthurai find" in The Hindu, May 1, 2006.
  • Wells, B. "An Introduction to Indus Writing" Independence, MO: Early Sites Research Society 1999.
  • Keim, Brandon (2009) "Artificial Intelligence Cracks 4,000 Year Old Mystery" in WIRED
  • Vidale, Massimo. The collapse melts down: a reply to Farmer, Sproat and Witzel. Philosophy East and West. 2007, 57 (1-4): 333–366. 

外部連結

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