印度河文字

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印度河文字
类型未解读文字青铜时代文字
语言未知（见哈拉帕语）
使用时期前2600年－前1900年
ISO 15924Inds、610
书写方向从右到左
注意：本页可能包含Unicode的国际音标。
刻有印度河文字的印章

印度河文字（英语：Indus script）在古代印度河流域文明成熟哈拉帕（Mature Harappan）时期使用的古字符，约为公元前26世纪至20世纪。目前还不能确定这些是用来记录语言的文字，抑或是一些符号。虽然科学家花费了很大的努力破解这些古文字[1]，但至今仍未成功。同时也没有已知的可供对译的双语铭文。

历史

1873年，考古学家亚历山大·卡宁厄姆在一幅哈拉帕绘画上发现了包含印度河文字的印章。此后，先后发现了4000余刻有这种古文字的物件，其中有些在远至美索不达米亚的地方被发现。1970年代初，印度学者Iravatham Mahadevan出版了一部印度河文字汇编，其中收录了大约3700枚印章与417个图案详细的不同符号。铭文平均由5个符号组成，最长的则由17个符号组成。他还确定了符号的书写方向为由右至左。[2]

自1877年起，卡宁厄姆等一些早期学者认为印度河文字可能是婆罗米文的原型。G.R. Hunter、Mahadevan及其他少数一些学者支持卡宁厄姆的假说，认为婆罗米文源于印度河文字。不过现今大多学者认为婆罗米文源于亚兰字母。

参见

注释

  1. ↑ Gregory L. Possehl. Indus Age: The Writing System. University of Pennsylvania Press. 1996. ISBN 0-8122-3345-X. 
  2. ↑ Write signs for Indus script?. Nature India. 2009-05-31 [2009-06-01]. 

参考文献

  • Bryant, Edwin (2000), The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture : The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate Oxford University Press.
  • B. B. Lal. On the Most Frequently Used Sign in the Indus Script. 1977. 
  • Everson, Michael. Proposal for encoding the Indus script in Plane 1 of the UCS (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. 1999-01-29 [2010-08-31]. 
  • Farmer, Steve et al. (2004) The Collapse of the Indus-Script Thesis: The Myth of a Literate Harappan Civilization, Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies (EJVS), vol. 11 (2004), issue 2 (Dec) [1] (PDF).
  • Knorozov, Yuri V. (ed.) (1965) Predvaritel’noe soobshchenie ob issledovanii protoindiyskikh textov. Moscow.
  • Mahadevan, Iravatham, Murukan In the Indus Script (1999)
  • Mahadevan, Iravatham, Aryan or Dravidian or Neither? A Study of Recent Attempts to Decipher the Indus Script (1995–2000) EJVS (ISSN 1084-7561) vol. 8 (2002) issue 1 (March 8).[2]
  • Heras, Henry. Studies in Proto-Indo-Mediterranean Culture, Bombay: Indian Historical Research Institute, 1953.
  • Parpola, Asko et al. (1987-2010). Corpus of Indus seals and inscriptions, Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia (Academia scientiarum Fennica), 1987-2010.
  • Parpola, Asko (1994), Deciphering the Indus script Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Parpola, Asko (2005) Study of the Indus Script. 50th ICES Tokyo Session.
  • Parpola, Asko (2008) Is the Indus script indeed not a writing system?. Published in Airāvati, Felicitation volume in honour of Iravatham Mahadevan, Chennai.
  • Possehl, Gregory L. Indus Age: The Writing System. University of Pennsylvania Press. 1996. ISBN 0-8122-3345-X. .
  • Walter Ashlin Fairservis. The Harappan Civilization and Its Writing: A Model for the Decipherment of the Indus Script. BRILL. 1992. 
  • Rao, R.P.N. et al. (2009). "Entropic Evidence for Linguistic Structure in the Indus Script". Science, 29 May 2009.
  • Rao, R.P.N. (2010). "Probabilistic Analysis of an Ancient Undeciphered Script". IEEE Computer, vol. 43(4), 76-80, April 2010.
  • Sproat, R. (2014). "A Statistical Comparison of Written Language and Nonlinguistic Symbol Systems" . "Language", vol. 90(2), 457-481, June 2014.
  • Subramanian, T. S. (2006) "Significance of Mayiladuthurai find" in The Hindu, May 1, 2006.
  • Wells, B. "An Introduction to Indus Writing" Independence, MO: Early Sites Research Society 1999.
  • Keim, Brandon (2009) "Artificial Intelligence Cracks 4,000 Year Old Mystery" in WIRED
  • Vidale, Massimo. The collapse melts down: a reply to Farmer, Sproat and Witzel. Philosophy East and West. 2007, 57 (1-4): 333–366. 

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