默示权力

默示权力（英语：Implied powers）。美国政府仅对某些对象具有权力。默示权力在宪法内赋予了适当的弹性。

历史

当乔治·华盛顿要求亚历山大·汉密尔顿为美国第一银行的合宪性与杰斐逊、麦迪逊和总检察长埃德蒙·伦道夫辩论时，汉密尔顿提出了现在被称为默示权力的定义^[1]。

美国政府仅对某些对象具有权力。汉密尔顿认为，一般福利条款和必要适当条款赋予了宪法以弹性。汉密尔顿赢得了辩论，华盛顿签署了该法律。

判例法

后来，首席大法官约翰·麦歇尔在美国最高法院诉马里兰州一案中援引了美国政府的默示权力。1816年，美国国会通过了建立美国第二银行的立法。马里兰州试图对银行征税。该州辩称，《美国宪法》没有明确授予国会设立银行的权力。1819年，法院判决驳回马里兰州的征税。该判例内，国会有权设立银行，因为《宪法》赋予国会某些包含权力，但未明确规定。

就美国政府而言，默示权力是国会行使《宪法》非明确定义的权力，但是行使这些权力需要适当。这些国会权力的合法性来自税收和支出条款，以及商业条款。

国际法

这一理论也在国际法有使用^[2]^[3]。欧盟机构接受隐含默示权力理论的基础^[4]。

参考文献

↑ For the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States , Alexander Hamilton.
↑ Above all in Common law legal community: see Sagar Arun, Notes towards a Theory of Implied Powers in (Indian) Constitutional Law, NUJS Law Review, Vol. 7, Issue 3-4 (2014), pp. 249-262.
↑ International Legal Personality and Implied Powers of International Organizations, by Rama-Montaldo, Manuel, British Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 44, pp. 111-156 (1970).
↑ Andrea Giardina, Rule of Law and Implied Powers in the European Communities, The Italian Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 1, pp. 99-111.

[1] For the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United States , Alexander Hamilton.

[2] Above all in Common law legal community: see Sagar Arun, Notes towards a Theory of Implied Powers in (Indian) Constitutional Law, NUJS Law Review, Vol. 7, Issue 3-4 (2014), pp. 249-262.

[3] International Legal Personality and Implied Powers of International Organizations, by Rama-Montaldo, Manuel, British Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 44, pp. 111-156 (1970).

[4] Andrea Giardina, Rule of Law and Implied Powers in the European Communities, The Italian Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 1, pp. 99-111.

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