美国人

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美国人
总人口
约3.314亿[1]
(2020年美国人口普查)
分布地区
墨西哥738,100–1,000,000[2][3]
加拿大316,350–1,000,000[4][5]
印度2,694–700,000
菲律宾220,000–600,000[6][7]
巴西260,000[8]
法国200,000[9]
以色列200,000[10][11]
英国197,143（仅包含不在英国出生的）[12]
韩国120,000–158,000[13]
哥斯达黎加120,000–130,000[14]
德国111,529（仅包含美国公民）[15]
中国110,000[16]
哥伦比亚60,000[17]
香港60,000[18]
日本59,172-153,389[19][20]
澳大利亚56,276[21]
巴基斯坦52,486[22]
意大利50,000[23]
阿联酋50,000[24]
海地45,000
沙特阿拉伯40,000[25]
阿根廷37,000[26]
挪威33,509[27]
巴哈马30,000[28]
俄罗斯30,000[来源请求]
黎巴嫩25,000[29]
巴拿马25,000[30]
多米尼加24,457[31]
西班牙22,082[32]
智利19,161[33]
萨尔瓦多19,000[34]
新西兰21,462[35]
语言
主要是美国英语，此外还有西班牙语和其他语言
宗教信仰
主要是基督教（新教，天主教，和其他基督教派系）
犹太教、伊斯兰教和其他宗教[36]
无宗教

美国人指的是美国公民。侨民或美国永久居民也可申请美国国籍。[37][38][39][40][41][42]美国是许多民族的家园。因此，美国的文化和法律并不把国籍等同于种族或民族，而是将其视作一种公民身份，也象征着对国家的效忠。[43][44][45]

概览

主条目：美国人口

大部分美国人并非原住民，而是移民和移民的后代。随着美国领地的不断扩张，夏威夷、波多黎各、关岛、美属萨摩亚、美属维京群岛以及北马利安纳群岛的住民也陆续成为美国人。[46] [38] [47]

美国的主流文化主要源自西欧和北欧，但也受到了非裔美国人的影响。[48]随着西进运动的进行，路易斯安那的卡郡人和克里奥尔人、西南部的拉丁裔以及墨西哥人的文化也对美国文化产生了影响。19世纪末至20世纪初，来自南欧、东欧、亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲的移民也影响了美国文化。在美国，各种文化一方面保持着自身的特征，一方面又相互融合，因此美国常被称为文化大熔炉或文化沙拉盘。[49]

种族和民族

主条目：美国种族及民族
2020 U.S. Census[50]Table 1[51]
自我认定种族 占人口百分比
白人
  
 61.6%
黑人
  
 12.4%
亚裔
  
 6.0%
美洲原住民
  
 1.1%
太平洋岛原住民
  
 0.2%
混血美国人
  
 10.2%
其他种族
  
 8.4%
总计
  
 100.0%
拉丁裔[注 1]：18.7%[52]

美国是一个多元文化主义国家。[53]美国普查局因统计需要将美国人划分为六个种族：白人、美国印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民、亚洲人、黑人或非洲裔美国人、夏威夷原住民和其他太平洋岛原住民，以及两个或两个以上种族的人。此外也可以选择“其他种族”。普查局还将美国人分为拉丁裔和非拉丁裔，而拉丁裔是美国最大的少数族裔。[54][55][56]

美国白人

主条目：美国白人和欧裔美国人

根据2010年美国人口普查，3.08亿美国人中有72.4%是白人。[57]其祖先是欧洲、中东和北非的原住民。[50]另有2.4%是白人与其他种族的混血儿，其中黑白混血儿最多。[57]拉丁裔白人占美国人口的9.4%，在加利福尼亚、得克萨斯、新墨西哥、内华达和夏威夷占多数。[58][59]非拉丁裔白人比例最高的州是缅因州。[60]此外，非白人在哥伦比亚特区和五个有常住人口的海外领土占多数。[50]

最早在美国大陆建立殖民据点的欧洲人是西班牙人，这段历史可以追溯到1565年。[61]马丁·德·阿圭利兹是第一个生于美洲大陆的欧洲裔，他生于1566年新西班牙总督辖区的圣奥古斯丁。[62]此外，西班牙人还于1521年在波多黎各建立了圣胡安市。弗吉尼亚·戴尔是第一个生于北美十三州的英格兰裔，她生于1587年的罗阿诺克殖民地。

根据2017年美国社区调查，德裔、爱尔兰裔、英格兰裔和意大利裔是美国的四大欧裔群体，占总人口的35.1%。[63]然而，英格兰裔和英国裔的人口被认为遭到严重低估。因为他们在美国居住的时间很长，一般只会说自己是美国人，而不会强调自己的祖先来自哪里。[注 2]这一现像在长期以英国裔为主的上南方尤其明显。[64][65][66][67][68][69]

在美国所有种族中，欧裔美国人的贫困率最低，受教育程度、家庭所得中位数和个人所得中位数位居第二。[70][71][72]

欧裔在美国的分布（以县为单位）
美国白人人口统计
排名 族群 占美国人口百分比 估计人口 数据来源
1 德裔 13.2% 43,093,766 [63]
2 爱尔兰裔 9.7% 31,479,232 [63]
3 英格兰裔 7.1% 23,074,947 [63]
4 美国人 6.1% 20,024,830 [63]
5 墨西哥裔 5.4% 16,794,111 [73]
6 意大利裔 5.1% 16,650,674 [63]
7 波兰裔 2.8% 9,012,085 [63]
8 法裔 （不包含巴斯克裔）
法裔加拿大美国人		 2.4%
0.6%		 7,673,619
2,110,014
9 苏格兰裔 1.7% 5,399,371 [63]
10 挪威裔 1.3% 4,295,981 [63]
11 荷兰裔 1.2% 3,906,193 [63]
总计 美国白人 59.34% 231,040,398 [57]
来源：[74][75]2010年美国人口普查和2017年美国社区调查

中东和北非裔

主条目：阿拉伯裔美国人、美国犹太人和亚美尼亚裔美国人

根据美国犹太人档案馆和阿拉伯裔美国人国家博物馆的资料，第一批中东人和北非人（即犹太人和柏柏尔人）在15世纪末至16世纪中期抵达美洲。[76][77][78]许多人是为了躲避西班牙宗教裁判所的迫害，还有一些人成为了美洲殖民者的奴隶。[79][80][81]阿拉伯裔美国人研究所指出，22个阿盟成员国中，每个国家都有人移民美国。[82]

自1909年以来，美国人口调查局一直将中东和北非人归为白人。随着时代的变迁，许多专家认为这个分类已经过时。2014年，在与中东和北非组织协商后，普查局宣布将为来自中东、北非和阿拉伯世界的人建立一个新的族群类别，称为MENA。[注 3][83]2018年1月，普查局宣布，2020年美国人口普查将不会单独统计中东和北非人。[84]

中东裔美国人人口统计
族群 2000年 2000年（占美国人口比例） 2010年 2010年（占美国人口比例）
阿拉伯裔 1,160,729 0.4125% 1,697,570 0.5498%
亚美尼亚裔 385,488 0.1370% 474,559 0.1537%
伊朗裔 338,266 0.1202% 463,552 0.1501%
犹太人 6,155,000 2.1810% 6,543,820 2.1157%
其他 529,289 0.185718% 801,831 0.257771%
总计 8,568,772 3.036418% 9,981,332 3.227071%

来源：2000[85]-2010年美国人口普查[86]曼德尔·博曼研究所和博曼犹太人数据库[87]

拉丁裔美国人

主条目：拉丁裔美国人

根据2010年普查，拉丁裔美国人占美国人口的16.3%，是美国最大的少数族裔。[88]

美国拉丁裔人口统计[89][90]
排名 族群 占人口百分比 人口 来源
1 墨西哥裔 10.29% 31,798,258 [90]
2 波多黎各裔 1.49% 4,623,716 [90]
3 古巴裔 0.57% 1,785,547 [90]
4 萨尔瓦多裔 0.53% 1,648,968 [90]
5 多米尼加裔 0.45% 1,414,703 [90]
6 危地马拉裔 0.33% 1,044,209 [90]
7 哥伦比亚裔 0.3% 908,734 [90]
8 西班牙裔 0.2% 635,253 [90]
9 洪都拉斯裔 0.2% 633,401 [90]
10 厄瓜多尔裔 0.1% 564,631 [90]
11 秘鲁裔 0.1% 531,358 [90]
其他 2.62% 7,630,835
总计 16.34% 50,477,594
2010年美国人口普查

非裔美国人

主条目：非裔美国人

非裔美国人通常来自撒哈拉以南非洲和加勒比地区。[91][92]不过并非所有来自撒哈拉以南非洲的人都是黑人，许多佛得角裔、马达加斯加裔、阿非利卡人，以及来自东非和萨赫勒地区的居民并非黑人。[91]

根据2009年美国社区调查，全美共有38,093,725名非裔美国人，占总人口的12.4%。其中37,144,530名为非拉丁裔黑人，占总人口的12.1%。[93]根据2010年美国人口普查，非裔美国人（包括混血黑人）共有4200万，[92]占总人口的14%。[94]非裔美国人主要生活在美国南部（55%） 。与2000年相比，美国东北部与中西部的黑人数量有所下降。[94]

大部分非裔美国人的祖先都是来自西非的俘虏，他们被当做奴隶带到美国。[95]1619年，弗吉尼亚州的詹姆斯敦首次雇佣黑奴。英国人将这些奴隶视为契约劳工，工作满一定年数便可获得自由。随着时间的推移，这种做法逐渐被加勒比地区基于种族的奴隶制取代。[96]所有美国殖民地都有奴隶制，北方黑人通常是仆人，南方黑人通常是种植园劳工。[97]独立战争时期，一些黑人在大陆军或大陆海军中服役。[98][99]也有些黑人是保王党，在英军服役。[100]1804年，美国梅森-迪克森线以北的州废除了奴隶制，[101]而南方各州仍保留奴隶制。双方矛盾的激化最终导致了南北战争。最终，北方军获得胜利，宪法第十三条修正案获得通过，奴隶制正式废除。[102]美国重建时期结束后，非裔美国人首次在国会取得席位。[103]但他们仍然没有选举权，并依照吉姆·克劳法与白人强制隔离。[104]这种情况一直持续至1960年代的非裔美国人民权运动时期，在非裔美国人的持续抗争下，选举法案和1964年民权法案得到通过，种族间的权利不平等得到解决。[105]

根据2000年的普查数据，相较于非裔美国人这一身份，绝大多数非洲移民更认同自身的原生民族，仅有5%的非洲移民认为自己是非裔美国人。其中西非移民对非裔美国人的认同度最高（4%-9%），维德角、东非和非洲南部的移民认同度最低（0%-4%）。[106]

非裔美国人人口统计[74][92]
排名 族群 百分比
占总人口 		估计人口
1 牙买加裔美国人 0.31% 986,897
2 海地裔美国人 0.28% 873,003
3 尼日利亚裔美国人 0.08% 259,934
4 特立尼达和多巴哥裔美国人 0.06% 193,233
5 加纳裔美国人 0.03% 94,405
6 巴贝多裔美国人 0.01% 59,236
撒哈拉以南非洲（总计） 0.92% 2,864,067
加勒比美国人（总计）（不含拉丁裔） 0.85% 2,633,149
非裔美国人（总计） 13.6% 42,020,743
2010年美国人口普查及2009–2011年美国社区调查

亚裔美国人

主条目：亚裔美国人

尽管早在美国独立战争之前就有亚裔生活在北美殖民地，[107][108]但大部分亚裔是从19世纪中后期开始才移民至美国的。[109]2010年，美国有1730万亚裔，占总人口的5.6%。[110][111]亚裔最多的州是加利福尼亚州，共有560万。[112]占比最高的州是夏威夷州，占比57%。[112]城市人口在亚裔当中占比很高，大洛杉矶地区、纽约都会区和旧金山湾区有大量亚裔。[113]

亚裔不是单一的族群，而是由许多国家的移民及其后裔组成的。包括中国（大陆及台湾）、、日本、韩国、印度、巴基斯坦、菲律宾、越南、柬埔寨、老挝等。亚裔的收入和教育水平高于其他种族，而这一差距还在持续扩大。[114][115][116]

亚裔被称为“模范少数族裔”[117][118]，也被称为“永远的外国人”。[119][120]

亚裔人口统计[110]
排名 族群 占人口百分比 人口
1 华裔 1.2% 3,797,379
2 菲律宾裔 1.1% 3,417,285
3 印度裔 1.0% 3,183,063
4 越南裔 0.5% 1,737,665
5 韩裔 0.5% 1,707,027
6 日裔 0.4% 1,304,599
其他 0.9% 2,799,448
总计 5.6% 17,320,856
2010年美国人口普查

美洲原住民

参见：印第安事务局

根据2010年人口普查，美国有520万人（占总人口1.7%）有原住民血统，其中230万是混血。40.7%的原住民居住在美国西部。[121]其他种族也不同程度地含有原住民的基因，美国黑人平均含有0.8%的原住民基因，白人有0.18%，而拉丁裔则有18.0%。[122]

美洲原住民于45,000至10,000年前来到美洲大陆。[123]前哥伦布时期的原住民发展出了数百种不同文化。[124]随着哥伦布的到来[125]，欧洲开始殖民美洲。从16世纪到19世纪，原住民不断减少。其中的原因包括欧洲人与原住民之间的战争和通婚[126][127]，对原住民的奴役、强制迁移[128]和种族灭绝[129][130]，还有欧洲人带来的流行病。[131]

美国的美洲原住民人口统计[121][132]
排名 部落 占总人口百分比 人口
1 切罗基人 0.26% 819,105
2 纳瓦霍人 0.1% 332,129
3 乔克托族 0.06% 195,764
4 墨西哥原住民 0.05% 175,494
5 欧及布威族 0.05% 170,742
6 苏族 0.05% 170,110
其他 1.08% 3,357,235
总计 1.69% 5,220,579
2010年美国人口普查

太平洋岛原住民

根据2010年人口普查，美国有120万太平洋岛原住民，占总人口的0.4%，其中56%是混血，14%的人至少有一个学士学位，15.1%的人生活在贫困线以下。71%的人生活在美国西部，其中有52%生活在夏威夷州或加利福尼亚州，其他州的人口都不超过10万。火奴鲁鲁郡和洛杉矶郡是太平洋岛民的主要聚居地。[133]

美国太平洋岛原住民人口统计
排名 族群 占人口百分比 人口
1 夏威夷族 0.17% 527,077
2 萨摩亚裔 0.05% 184,440
3 查莫罗人 0.04% 147,798
4 东加裔美国人 0.01% 57,183
其他 0.09% 308,697
总计 0.39% 1,225,195
2010年美国人口普查

多种族美国人

随着时代变迁，美国的多种族运动也逐渐壮大。[134]2008年，多种族美国人有700万，占总人口的2.3%；[111]而根据2010年的普查，这一数字增长到了9,009,073，占总人口的2.9%。其中黑白混血儿最常见，有1,834,212名，[135]第44任美国总统贝拉克·欧巴马就是其中一例。他的母亲是白人（有英格兰和爱尔兰血统），而父亲则是生于肯亚的卢欧族[136][137]（但自我认同为非裔美国人）。[138]

多种族美国人数量[139]
排名 种族 占总人口百分比 人口
1 白人与黑人 0.59 1,834,212
2 其他 0.58 1,794,402
3 白人与其他种族 0.56 1,740,924
4 白人与亚裔 0.52 1,623,234
5 白人与原住民 0.46 1,432,309
6 黑人与其他种族 0.1 314,571
7 黑人与原住民 0.08 269,421
总计 2.9 9,009,073
2010年美国人口普查

其他种族

根据2010年美国人口普查，其他种族[注 4]是美国的第三大族群，有6.2%（19,107,368名）的美国人属于此类别。36.7%（18,503,103名）的拉丁裔是其他种族，[140]其中有不少是麦士蒂索人[注 5]，此比例在墨西哥和中美洲社区中尤其高。但美国人口普查不统计麦士蒂索人。

国家化身

左图是美国的国家化身山姆大叔。右图则是美国的女性化身哥伦比亚，在18至19世纪十分流行。

山姆大叔是美国的国家化身，有时也特指美国政府。该词第一次使用是在1812年战争期间。他的形象通常是一位严厉的白人老人，头发花白，留着山羊胡，其衣着通常含有美国国旗的元素。

哥伦比亚是美国的女性化身。该词起初用来指代美洲，后因非裔美国诗人菲利斯·惠特利在美国独立战争期间的使用而广为人知。其后，包括西半球在内的许多地区都将哥伦比亚用作人物、地点、物体、机构和公司的名字。美国政府所在地哥伦比亚特区就是其中一个例子。

语言

主条目：美国的语言、英语、美国英语和唯英语运动
2010年美国人在家使用语言状况[141]
语言 人口百分比 使用者数量
英语 80.38% 233,780,338
西班牙语
（不包括克里奥尔语和波多黎各）		 12.19% 35,437,985
汉语
（包括现代标准汉语和粤语）		 0.88% 2,567,779
他加禄语 0.53% 1,542,118
越南语 0.44% 1,292,448
法语 0.44% 1,288,833
韩语 0.38% 1,108,408
德语 0.38% 1,107,869
印度斯坦语
（包括印地语和乌尔都语）		 0.32% 942,794
其他语言 4.04% 11,760,383

美国英语是美国事实上的国家语言。虽然联邦政府没有规定官方语言，但英语至少在28个州取得了官方语言的地位。也因此，一些美国人主张将英语作为美国的官方语言。[142]美国对入籍申请者的英语能力亦有要求。2007年，约有2.26亿美国人（占5岁及以上人口的80%）在家只说英语。西班牙语是美国的第二大语言，约有12%的人在家说西班牙语。[143][144]西班牙语也是波多黎各的官方语言。此外，新墨西哥州政府也使用西班牙语，而路易斯安那州政府亦使用法语，但两州均未规定官方语言。[145]加利福尼亚等州则要求某些政府文件（如法庭表格）必须有西班牙文版。[146]另外，根据夏威夷州法律，英语和夏威夷语都是其官方语言。[147]一些美国非合并属地对原住民语言也给予了官方认可。美属萨摩亚和关岛分别承认萨摩亚语和查莫罗语，而北马利安纳群岛则承认加罗林语和查莫罗语。

宗教

主条目：美国宗教
2014年美国各宗教人口占比[148]
宗教 教徒占美国人口比例（%）
基督教 70.6 70.6
 
新教 46.5 46.5
 
福音主义 25.4 25.4
 
主流新教 14.7 14.7
 
黑人教会 6.5 6.5
 
天主教 20.8 20.8
 
耶稣基督后期圣徒教会 1.6 1.6
 
耶和华见证人 0.8 0.8
 
东正教 0.5 0.5
 
其他基督教 0.4 0.4
 
非基督教信仰 5.9 5.9
 
犹太教 1.9 1.9
 
伊斯兰教 0.9 0.9
 
佛教 0.7 0.7
 
印度教 0.7 0.7
 
其他非基督教 1.8 1.8
 
无宗教 22.8 22.8
 
无特定宗教 15.8 15.8
 
不可知论 4.0 4
 
无神论 3.1 3.1
 
不知道或拒绝回答 0.6 0.6
 
总计 100 100
 

美国是世界上宗教最多元化的国家之一，不论是本土信仰还是外来信仰都能在美国蓬勃发展。[149]大多数美国人表示，宗教在他们的生活中扮演着“非常重要”的角色，这在已开发国家中并不常见，但在美洲国家中却十分普遍。[150]美国是第一个禁止设立国教的国家，其宪法第一修正案禁止联邦政府制定任何法律来确立国教或禁止信教自由。[151]该法条是少数宗教团体和各州人民争取的结果，也受到了新教和理性主义的影响。美国最高法院解释道，该法条的设立是为了防止政府以公权力干涉宗教。此外，美国宪法第六条第三款规定：合众国政府之任何职位或公职，不得以任何宗教标准作为任职的必要条件。该法条以维吉尼亚宗教自由法令为范本。[152]

美国拥有世界上最多的基督徒。[153]76%的美国人信仰基督教，其中大多信仰新教和天主教，他们分别占美国人口的48%和23%。[154]其他宗教包括佛教、印度教、伊斯兰教和犹太教，这些教徒占成年人口的4%至5%。[155][156]另有15%的成年人自认没有宗教信仰。[157]根据美国宗教认同调查，全美各地的宗教信仰差异很大：美国西部（无教堂带）有59%的人信神，而南部（圣经带）则有86%。[157][158]

此外，北美十三州中也有部分是由基督徒建立的，他们为了能够自由地信仰自己的宗教而来到北美。其中，麻萨诸塞湾殖民地由英国清教徒建立，宾夕法尼亚省由英国和爱尔兰的贵格会教徒建立，马里兰省由英国和爱尔兰的天主教徒建立，维吉尼亚殖民地由英国圣公宗教徒建立。

文化

主条目：美国文化
苹果派和棒球是美国文化的象征

美国地域宽广，人口众多，文化多样性高。保守主义与自由主义，科学与宗教在这里碰撞融合。美国人普遍崇尚个人主义，相信自由、平等与民主的价值，对言论自由与国家的政治制度十分重视。此外，美国人也比较喜欢冒险。

美国文化主要被西方文化所影响，但也受到了原住民、西非、东亚、玻里尼西亚和拉丁美洲文化的影响。殖民时期对美国影响最大的是英国。通过殖民，英国向美洲大陆传播了他们的语言、法律与其他文化。[159]此外，以德国、[160]法国[161]和意大利[162]为代表的其他一些欧洲国家也对美国文化产生了重要影响。

美国的本土文化也有着强大的影响力。美国的本土节日、体育运动、军事传统[163]以及艺术和娱乐方面的创新带给国民强烈的民族自豪感。[164]美国在许多方面都有自己独特的社会和文化特征，如方言、音乐、艺术、社会习惯、饮食和民俗。[165]

对外移民

美国侨民的分布（包括美国公民及其子女）

 美国

 + 1,000,000

 + 100,000

 + 10,000

 + 1,000

许多国家或地区都有来自美国的移民，包括阿根廷、澳大利亚、巴西、加拿大、智利、中国、哥斯达黎加、法国、德国、香港、印度、日本、墨西哥、新西兰、巴基斯坦、菲律宾、韩国、阿联酋和英国。截至2016年 (2016-Missing required parameter 1=month!)，约有900万美国公民生活在海外。[166]

参见

注释

  1. ↑ 拉丁裔并非种族，仅指自身或祖先来自拉丁美洲的人。
  2. ↑ 自1990年起，美国人口普查的族群认同一栏中增加了“美国人”这一选项。
  3. ↑ 即Middle Easterners and North Africans（中东和北非人）的缩写
  4. ↑ 即所有自认为不属于其他任何种族的人
  5. ↑ 指美洲原住民与欧洲人所生的混血儿

参考文献

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  2. ↑ People live in Mexico, INEGI, 2010. 
  3. ↑ Smith, Dr. Claire M. These are our Numbers: Civilian Americans Overseas and Voter Turnout (PDF). OVF Research Newsletter. Overseas Vote Foundation. 2010-08 [2012-12-11]. Previous research indicates that the number of U.S. Americans living in Mexico is around 1 million, with 600,000 of those living in Mexico City. 
  4. ↑ Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories - 20% sample data. Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. 2010-06-10 [2013-02-17]. Ethnic origins Americans Total responses 316,350 
  5. ↑ Barrie McKenna. Tax amnesty offered to Americans in Canada. The Globe and Mail (Ottawa). 2012-06-27 [2012-12-17]. There are roughly a million Americans in Canada – many with little or no ties to the United States. 
  6. ↑ Evan S. Medeiros; Keith Crane; Eric Heginbotham; Norman D. Levin; Julia F. Lowell. Pacific Currents: The Responses of U.S. Allies and Security Partners in East Asia to Chinaâ€TMs Rise. Rand Corporation. 2008-11-07: 115. ISBN 978-0-8330-4708-3. An estimated 4 million Filipino-Americans, most of whom are U.S. citizens or dual citizens, live in the United States, and over 250,000 U.S. citizens live in the Philippines. 
    New U.S. ambassador to PH aims to 'strengthen' ties. CNN Philippines (Metro Manila). 2016-12-02 [2017-03-20]. According to his figures, there are about 4 million Filipino-Americans residing in the U.S., and 250,000 Americans living and working in the Philippines. 
    Lozada, Aaron. New U.S. envoy: Relationship with PH 'most important'. ABS-CBN News (Manila). 2016-12-02 [2017-03-20]. According to Kim, the special relations between the U.S. and the Philippines is evident in the "four million Filipino-Americans who are residing in the United States and 250,000 Americans living and working in the Philippines." 
    International Business Publications, USA. Philippines Business Law Handbook: Strategic Information and Laws. Int'l Business Publications. 2013-08-01: 29. ISBN 978-1-4387-7078-9. An estimated 600,000 Americans visit the Philippines each year, while an estimated 300,000 reside in-country. 
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  10. ↑ Daphna Berman. Need an appointment at the U.S. Embassy? Get on line!. Haaretz. 2008-01-23 [2012-12-11]. According to estimates, some 200,000 American citizens live in Israel and the Palestinian territories. 
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    North Korea propaganda video depicts invasion of South Korea, US hostage taking. Advertiser. Agence France-Presse. 2013-03-22 [2013-03-23]. According to official immigration figures, South Korea has an American population of more than 130,000 civilians and 28,000 troops. 
  14. ↑ Background Note: Costa Rica. Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs. United States Department of State. 2012-04-09 [2012-12-11]. Over 130,000 private American citizens, including many retirees, reside in the country and more than 700,000 American citizens visit Costa Rica annually. 
    Bloom, Laura Begley. More Americans are fleeing to cheap faraway places. New York Post. 2018-07-31 [2020-02-19]. Approximately 120,000 citizens live in this stable country, many as retirees, according to the State Department. 
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  17. ↑ Colombia (03/28/13). United States Department of State. [2014-02-27]. Based on Colombian statistics, an estimated 60,000 U.S. citizens reside in Colombia and 280,000 U.S. citizens travel, study and do business in Colombia each year. 
  18. ↑ Hong Kong (10/11/11). Previous Editions of Hong Kong Background Note. United States Department of State. 2011-10-11 [2012-12-11]. There are some 1,400 U.S. firms, including 817 regional operations (288 regional headquarters and 529 regional offices), and over 60,000 American residents in Hong Kong. 
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  23. ↑ Kelly Carter. High cost of living crush Americans' dreams of Italian living. USA Today (Positano, Italy). 2005-05-17 [2012-12-17]. Nearly 50,000 Americans lived in Italy at the end of 2003, according to Italy's immigration office. 
  24. ↑ UAE´s population – by nationality. BQ Magazine. 2015-04-12 [2015-06-13]. 
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  26. ↑ Argentina (03/12/12). Previous Editions of Argentina Background Note. United States Department of State. 2012-03-12 [2012-12-24]. The Embassy's Consular Section monitors the welfare and whereabouts of some 37,000 U.S. citizen residents of Argentina and more than 500,000 U.S. tourists each year. 
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  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1
  39. ↑
  40. ↑ See
    • 8 CFR 1003.2(c)(3)(vi) (about filing a "motion to reopen" Removal proceedings with the Board of Immigration Appeals "based on specific allegations, supported by evidence, that the respondent is a United States citizen or national");
    • 22 CFR 51.1 ("U.S. non-citizen national means a person on whom U.S. nationality, but not U.S. citizenship, has been conferred at birth under 8 U.S.C. 1408, or under 判例法 or Refugee Act, and who has not subsequently lost such non-citizen nationality.").
  41. ↑ Petersen, William; Novak, Michael; Gleason, Philip. Concepts of Ethnicity. Harvard University Press. 1982: 62. ISBN 9780674157262. ...from Thomas Paine's plea in 1783...to Henry Clay's remark in 1815... "It is hard for us to believe ... how conscious these early Americans were of the job of developing American character out of the regional and generational polaritities and contradictions of a nation of immigrants and migrants." ... To be or to become an American, a person did not have to be of any particular national, linguistic, religious, or ethnic background. All he had to do was to commit himself to the political ideology centered on the abstract ideals of liberty, equality, and republicanism. Thus the universalist ideological character of American nationality meant that it was open to anyone who willed to become an American. 
  42. ↑ Foreign nationals. Federal Election Commission. 2017-06-23 [2021-02-18]. 
  43. ↑
    • Fernandez v. Keisler, 502 F.3d 337. Fourth Circuit: 341. 2007-09-26. The INA defines 'national of the United States' as '(A) a citizen of the United States, or (B) a person who, though not a citizen of the United States, owes permanent allegiance to the United States.' 
    • Robertson-Dewar v. Mukasey, 599 F. Supp. 2d 772. U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas: 779 n.3. 2009-02-25. The [INA] defines naturalization as 'conferring of nationality of a state upon a person after birth, by any means whatsoever.' 
  44. ↑ Permanent Allegiance Law and Legal Definition. definitions.uslegal.com. 
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    Shklar, Judith N. American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion. The Tanner Lectures on Human Values. Harvard University Press. 1991: 3–4. ISBN 9780674022164. 
    Slotkin, Richard. Unit Pride: Ethnic Platoons and the Myths of American Nationality. American Literary History (Oxford University Press). 2001, 13 (3): 469–498 [2012-12-17]. S2CID 143996198. doi:10.1093/alh/13.3.469. But it also expresses a myth of American nationality that remains vital in our political and cultural life: the idealized self-image of a multiethnic, multiracial democracy, hospitable to differences but united by a common sense of national belonging. 
    Eder, Klaus; Giesen, Bernhard. European Citizenship: Between National Legacies and Postnational Projects. Oxford University Press. 2001: 25–26. ISBN 9780199241200. In inter-state relations, the American nation state presents its members as a monistic political body-despite ethnic and national groups in the interior. 
    Petersen, William; Novak, Michael; Gleason, Philip. Concepts of Ethnicity. Harvard University Press. 1982: 62. ISBN 9780674157262. To be or to become an American, a person did not have to be of any particular national, linguistic, religious, or ethnic background. All he had to do was to commit himself to the political ideology centered on the abstract ideals of liberty, equality, and republicanism. Thus the universalist ideological character of American nationality meant that it was open to anyone who willed to become an American. 
    Charles Hirschman; Philip Kasinitz; Josh Dewind. The Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience. Russell Sage Foundation. 1999-11-04: 300. ISBN 978-1-61044-289-3. 
    David Halle. America's Working Man: Work, Home, and Politics Among Blue Collar Property Owners. University of Chicago Press. 1987-07-15: 233. ISBN 978-0-226-31366-5. The first, and central, way involves the view that Americans are all those persons born within the boundaries of the United States or admitted to citizenship by the government. 
  46. ↑ Lifshey, Adam. Subversions of the American Century: Filipino Literature in Spanish and the Transpacific Transformation of the United States. University of Michigan Press. 2015: 119. ISBN 978-0-472-05293-6. the status of Filipinos in the Philippines as American nationals existed from 1900 to 1946 
    Rick Baldoz. The Third Asiatic Invasion: Empire and Migration in Filipino America, 1898-1946. NYU Press. 2011-02-28: 174. ISBN 978-0-8147-9109-7. Recalling earlier debates surrounding Filipinos' naturalization status in the United States, he pointed out that U.S. courts had definitively recognized that Filipinos were American "nationals" and not "aliens." 
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  53. ↑ Our Diverse Population: Race and Hispanic Origin, 2000 (PDF). United States Census Bureau. [2008-04-24]. 
  54. ↑ Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity. Office of Management and Budget. [2008-05-05]. 
  55. ↑ Grieco, Elizabeth M; Rachel C. Cassidy. Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000 (PDF). United States Census Bureau. [2015-01-02]. 
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  64. ↑ Ethnic Landscapes of America - By John A. Cross
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  75. ↑ Table 52. Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region: 2009 (PDF). 2009 American Community Survey. United States Census Bureau. 2011-01 [2012-11-20]. 
  76. ↑ "History Crash Course #55: Jews and the Founding of America" Spiro, Rabbi Ken. Aish.com. Published December 8, 2001. Accessed December 12, 2015. "The first Jews arrived in America with Columbus in 1492, and we also know that Jews newly-converted to Christianity were among the first Spaniards to arrive in Mexico with Conquistador Hernando Cortez in 1519."
  77. ↑ "Arab Americans: An Integral Part of American Society" Arab American National Museum. Published 2009. Accessed December 12, 2015. "Zammouri, the first Arab American...traveled over 6,000 miles between 1528 and 1536, trekking across the American Southwest."
  78. ↑ "The American Jewish Experience through the Nineteenth Century: Immigration and Acculturation" Golden, Jonathan, and Jonathan D. Sarna. National Humanities Center. Brandeis University. Accessed December 12, 2015.
  79. ↑ Netanyahu, Benzion.The Origins of the Inquisition in Fifteenth Century Spain. New York: Random House, 1995. Hardcover. 1390 pages. p. 1085.
  80. ↑ "Conversos & Crypto-Jews" City of Albuquerque. Accessed December 12, 2015.
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  83. ↑ Public Comments to NCT Federal Register Notice (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau; Department of Commerce. [2015-12-13]. 
  84. ↑ Wang, Hansi Lo. No Middle Eastern Or North African Category On 2020 Census, Bureau Says. National Public Radio. 2018-01-29 [2018-06-09]. 
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  89. ↑ Sharon R. Ennis; Merarys Ríos-Vargas; Nora G. Albert. The Hispanic Population: 2010 (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. 2011-05 [2012-09-09]. 
  90. ↑ 90.00 90.01 90.02 90.03 90.04 90.05 90.06 90.07 90.08 90.09 90.10 90.11 2010 Census Shows Nation's Hispanic Population Grew Four Times Faster Than Total U.S. Population. United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. 2011-05-26 [2012-09-09]. 
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  93. ↑ United States – ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2009 . Factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
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  97. ↑ Gomez, Michael A. Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South. University of North Carolina Press. 1998: 384. ISBN 9780807846940. 
  98. ↑ Liberty! (Documentary) Episode II:Blows Must Decide: 1774-1776. ©1997 Twin Cities Public Television, Inc. ISBN 1-4157-0217-9
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  101. ↑ Nicholas Boston; Jennifer Hallam. Freedom & Emancipation. Educational Broadcasting Corporation. Public Broadcasting Service. 2004 [2012-09-11]. 
  102. ↑ 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. ourdocuments.gov. National Archives and Records Administration. [2012-09-11]. 
  103. ↑ The Fifteenth Amendment in Flesh and Blood. Office of the Clerk. United States House of Representatives. [2012-09-11]. 
  104. ↑ Walter, Hazen. American Black History. Lorenz Educational Press. 2004: 37. ISBN 9780787706036. 
  105. ↑ The Prize. We Shall Overcome. National Park Service. [2012-09-11]. 
  106. ↑ Kusow, AM. African Immigrants in the United States: Implications for Affirmative Action. Iowa State University. [2016-05-10]. 
  107. ↑ The Journey from Gold Mountain: The Asian American Experience (PDF). Japanese American Citizens League: 3. 2006 [2016-11-27]. 
  108. ↑ California Declares Filipino American History Month. San Francisco Business Times. 2009-09-10 [2011-02-14]. 
  109. ↑ Hune, Shirley; Takeuchi, David T.; Andresen, Third; Hong, Seunghye; Kang, Julie; Redmond, Mavae'Aho; Yeo, Jeomja. Asian Americans in Washington State: Closing Their Hidden Achievement Gaps (PDF). Commission on Asian Pacific American Affairs. State of Washington. 2009-04 [2012-02-09]. 
  110. ↑ 110.0 110.1 2010 United States Census statistics (PDF). 
  111. ↑ 111.0 111.1 B02001. RACE – Universe: TOTAL POPULATION. 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. 美国普查局. [2010-02-28]. 
  112. ↑ 112.0 112.1 Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month: 2011-05. Facts for Features. U.S. Census Bureau. 2011-12-07 [2012-01-04]. 
  113. ↑ Shan Li. Asian Americans had higher poverty rate than whites in 2011, study says. Los Angeles Times. 2013-05-03 [2013-05-06]. In 2011, for example, nearly a third of Asians in the U.S. lived in the metropolitan regions around Los Angeles, San Francisco and New York. 
    Selected Population Profile in the United States. U.S. Census. U.S. Department of Commerce. [2011-06-25]. 
  114. ↑ Meizhu Lui; Barbara Robles; Betsy Leondar-Wright; Rose Brewer; Rebecca Adamson. The Color of Wealth. The New Press. 2006. 
  115. ↑ US Census Bureau report on educational attainment in the United States, 2003 (PDF). [2006-07-31]. 
  116. ↑ The American Community-Asians: 2004 (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. 2007-02 [2007-09-05]. 
  117. ↑ Chou, Rosalind; Joe R. Feagin. The myth of the model minority: Asian Americans facing racism. Paradigm Publishers. 2008: x. ISBN 978-1-59451-586-6. 
  118. ↑ Tojo Thatchenkery. Asian Americans Under the Model Minority Gaze. International Association of Business Disciplines National Conference. modelminority.com. 2000-03-31 [2012-02-26]. 
  119. ↑ Lien, Pei-te; Mary Margaret Conway; Janelle Wong. The politics of Asian Americans: diversity and community. Psychology Press. 2004: 7. ISBN 978-0-415-93465-7. In addition, because of their perceived racial difference, rapid and continuous immigration from Asia, and on going detente with communist regimes in Asia, Asian Americans are construed as "perpetual foreigners" who cannot or will not adapt to the language, customs, religions, and politics of the American mainstream. 
  120. ↑ Wu, Frank H. Yellow: race in America beyond black and white. Basic Books. 2003: 79. ISBN 978-0-465-00640-3. asian americans perpetual foreigners. 
  121. ↑ 121.0 121.1 Tina Norris; Paula L. Vines; Elizabeth M. Hoeffel. The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010 (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. 2012-01 [2012-09-09]. 
  122. ↑ Bryc, Katarzyna; Durand, Eric Y.; Macpherson, J. Michael; Reich, David; Mountain, Joanna L. The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2015-01, 96 (1): 37–53. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 4289685 可免费查阅. PMID 25529636. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010. 
  123. ↑ Axelrod, Alan. The Complete Idiot's Guide to American History. Complete Idiot's Guide to. Penguin. 2003: 4. ISBN 9780028644646. 
  124. ↑ Magoc, Chris J. Chronology of Americans and the Environment. ABC-CLIO. 2011: 1. ISBN 9781598844115. 
  125. ↑ Columbus, Christopher; de las Casas, Bartolomé; Dunn, Oliver; Kelley, James Edward. de las Casas, Bartolomé; Dunn, Oliver , 编. The Diario of Christopher Columbus's First Voyage to America, 1492-1493. Volume 70 of American Exploration and Travel Series. University of Oklahoma Press. 1991: 491. ISBN 9780806123844. 
  126. ↑ Woods Weierman, Karen. One Nation, One Blood: Interracial Marriage In American Fiction, Scandal, and Law, 1820-1870. University of Massachusetts Press. 2005: 44. ISBN 9781558494831. 
  127. ↑ Mann, Kaarin. Interracial Marriage In Early America: Motivation and the Colonial Project (PDF). Michigan Journal of History (University of Michigan). 2007, (Fall) [2012-09-08]. 
  128. ↑ R. David Edmunds. Native American Displacement Amid U.S. Expansion. KERA. Public Broadcasting Service. 2006-03-14 [2012-09-09]. 
  129. ↑ Thornton, Russell. American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492. Volume 186 of Civilization of the American Indian Series. University of Oklahoma Press. 1987: 49. ISBN 9780806122205. genocide warfare europeans american indians. 
  130. ↑ Kessel, William B.; Wooster, Robert. Encyclopedia Of Native American Wars And Warfare. Facts on File library of American History. Infobase Publishing. 2005: 398. ISBN 9780816033379. 
  131. ↑ Bianchine, Peter J.; Russo, Thomas A. The Role of Epidemic Infectious Diseases in the Discovery of America. Allergy and Asthma Proceedings (OceanSide Publications, Inc). 1992, 13 (5): 225–232. PMID 1483570. doi:10.2500/108854192778817040. 
  132. ↑ American Indian and Alaska Native Heritage Month: November 2011. United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. 2011-11-01 [2012-09-09]. 
  133. ↑ Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month: 2011-05. United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. 2011-04-29 [2012-09-11]. 
  134. ↑ Jon M. Spencer. The New Colored People: The Mixed-Race Movement in America. NYU Press. 2000-08. ISBN 978-0-8147-8072-5. 
    Loretta I. Winters; Herman L. DeBose. New Faces in a Changing America: Multiracial Identity in the 21st Century. SAGE. 2003. ISBN 978-0-7619-2300-8. 
  135. ↑ Karen R. Humes; Nicholas A. Jones; Roberto R. Ramirez. Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010 (PDF). 2010 Census Briefs. United States Census Bureau. 2011-03 [2013-02-22]. 
  136. ↑ Ewen MacAskill; Nicholas Watt. Obama looks forward to rediscovering his Irish roots on European tour. The Guardian (London). 2011-05-20 [2011-08-03]. 
  137. ↑ Mason, Jeff. Obama visits family roots in Ireland. Reuters. 2011-05-23 [2011-08-03]. 
  138. ↑ Oscar Avila. Obama's census-form choice: 'Black'. Los Angeles Times. 2010-04-04 [2013-02-22]. 
  139. ↑ Nocholas A. Jones; Jungmiwka Bullock. The Two or More Races Population: 2010 (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. 2012-09 [2014-11-18]. 
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  142. ↑ Feder, Jody. English as the Official Language of the United States—Legal Background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress (PDF). Ilw.com (Congressional Research Service). 2007-01-25 [2007-06-19]. 
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  144. ↑ Foreign Language Enrollments in United States Institutions of Higher Learning (PDF). MLA. Fall 2002 [2006-10-16]. 
  145. ↑ Dicker, Susan J. Languages in America: A Pluralist View. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters. 2003: 216, 220–25. ISBN 1-85359-651-5. 
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欧洲裔美国人
中欧
奥地利1 · 捷克 · 德国（艾美许人 · 德裔宾夕法尼亚人 · 俄国德裔门诺派教徒）1 · 匈牙利（俄亥俄州匈牙利人） · 卡舒比人 · 列支敦士登  · 波兰1 · 斯洛伐克 · 索布人 · 瑞士
东欧
亚美尼亚 6 · 阿赛拜疆4 · 白俄罗斯 · 爱沙尼亚 · 格鲁吉亚4 · 哈萨克斯坦4 · 拉脱维亚 · 立陶宛 · 摩尔多瓦 · 俄罗斯 1, 2 · 乌克兰 · 卢森尼亚
北欧
丹麦 （格陵兰）  · 芬兰  · 冰岛 · 挪威 · 萨米人 · 瑞典
东南欧3
阿尔巴尼亚 · 波斯尼亚 · 保加利亚 · 塞浦路斯6 · 克罗地亚  · 北马其顿 · 黑山  · 南斯拉夫 · 罗马尼亚 · 塞尔维亚（阿拉斯加塞尔维亚人） · 斯洛文尼亚 · 土耳其4
南欧
意大利（西西里） · 马耳他  · 摩纳哥 · 葡萄牙  · 圣马力诺 · 希腊  · 西班牙（阿斯图里亚斯 · 巴斯克 · 加那利 · 加泰罗尼亚 · 加里西亚）
西欧
比利时 · 英国 （英格兰  · 苏格兰-爱尔兰  · 苏格兰  · 威尔士） · 荷兰（弗里斯兰） · 法国（阿卡迪亚人 · 巴斯克 · 布列塔尼 · 卡郡人 · 法裔加拿大-美国人 · 科西嘉 · 路易斯安那克里奥尔人） · 爱尔兰 · 卢森堡
其他
美国白人（非西班牙裔白人 · 西班牙裔和拉丁裔白人） · 梅蒂人 · 美国罗姆人5  · 加州白人 · 夏威夷白人
1 19世纪，波兰人都是以奥地利人，德国人，普鲁士人或俄罗斯人的身份合法进入美国的，因为从1772年至1918年，波兰的所有国土都被奥匈帝国、普鲁士和俄罗斯帝国瓜分，直到第一次世界大战后才恢复了主权。

2 俄国大部分领土（占75%，四分之三）位于亚洲，但绝大多数人口（80％）居住在欧俄地区，因此俄罗斯被列为欧洲国家。

3 南斯拉夫裔美国人为祖先来自前南斯拉夫的美国人。

4 阿塞拜疆、格鲁吉亚、哈萨克斯坦 和 土耳其 为横跨欧亚两洲的国家。

5 有争议；罗姆人 被认为起源于南亚（北印度），但在欧洲裔社群中，罗姆人有着独特的身份。

6 亚美尼亚和 塞浦路斯地理上完全位于亚洲（西亚），但历史文化上却和欧洲有着密不可分的关系。

Template:亚裔美国人

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