撒哈拉以南非洲

卫星空照图片显示出撒哈拉以南非洲地区，对照非洲各国疆界与撒哈拉以南非洲地区（绿色部分）

撒哈拉以南非洲^[2]（英语：Sub-Saharan Africa），指撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲地区，又称亚撒哈拉地区、下撒哈拉、漠南非洲、南非，也有称黑非洲（Negro Africa）。政治上，包括了所有或部分领土位于撒哈拉沙漠以南的国家（苏丹除外，尽管其位于撒哈拉沙漠的东缘）。与这一概念相对应的是北部非洲，其通常被认为是阿拉伯世界的一部分。索马里、吉布提、科摩罗和毛里塔尼亚地理上属于撒哈拉以南非洲，但也是阿拉伯世界的一部分。

地理

本地区面积约2430万平方公里。从公元前三千五百多年起，虽然撒哈拉沙漠以其人烟稀疏与天候恶劣，一直成为北非及本地区间的天然障碍，但亦有尼罗河及红海可以交通撒哈拉沙漠以北的埃及与撒哈拉沙漠以南的东非地区，另外古代还有跨撒哈拉贸易可以交通北非地中海沿岸与西非内陆地区。
西非马里统治者曼萨·穆萨就曾经亲自跨越撒哈拉沙漠，途经开罗前往麦加朝圣。

人口

根据联合国《世界人口展望(2019)》^[3]^[4]，2019年撒哈拉以南非洲人口为11亿。目前的增长率为2.3%。联合国预测，到2050年该地区人口将达到20亿至25亿^[5]，人口密度为每平方千米80人。与之相比，届时西欧、亚洲和美洲的人口密度将分别为每平方公里170人、140人和30人。

撒哈拉以南非洲国家在生育率最高的50个国家和地区中占40个，2008年总和生育率均大于4。除南非和塞舌尔外，其他国家均高于世界平均水平^[6]。除南非以外的撒哈拉以南国家（亦包括苏丹），其中40%以上的人口年龄在15岁以下。^[7]

国家	人口	面积	识字率（男/女）^[8]	人均GDP^[8]	预期寿命^[8]	HDI	EODBR/SAB^[9]
安哥拉	18,498,000	1,246,700	82.9%/54.2%	6,800	42.4	0.486	172/171
布隆迪	8,988,091	27,830	67.3%/52.2%	700	49	0.316	176/130
刚果民主共和国	68,692,542	2,345,410	80.9%/54.1%	800	46.1	0.286	182/152
喀麦隆	18,879,301	475,440	77%/59.8%	3,700	50.3	0.482	171/174
中非	4,511,488	622,984	64.8%/33.5%	700	44.4	0.343	183/159
乍得	10,329,208	1,284,000	40.8%/12.8%	2,300	50.6	0.328	178/182
刚果共和国	3,700,000	342,000	90.5%/ 79.0%	800	54.8	0.533	N/A
赤道几内亚	1,110,000	28,051	93.4%/80.3%	37,400	51.1	0.537	170/178
加蓬	1,514,993	267,667	88.5%/79.7%	18,100	56.7	0.674	158/152
肯尼亚	39,002,772	582,650	77.7%/70.2	3,500	57.8	0.519	95/124
尼日利亚	174,507,539	923,768	84.4%/72.7%^[10]	5,900	57	0.504	131/120
卢旺达	10,473,282	26,338	71.4%/59.8%	2,100	46.8	0.429	67/11
圣多美和普林西比	212,679	1,001	92.2%/77.9%	3,200	65.2	0.509	180/140
坦桑尼亚	44,928,923	945,087	77.5%/62.2%	3,200	51.9	0.466	131/120
乌干达	32,369,558	236,040	76.8%/57.7	2,400	50.7	0.446	112/129
苏丹	31,894,000	1,886,068	79.6%/60.8%	4,300	62.57^[11]	0.408	154/118
南苏丹	8,260,490	619,745		1,600
吉布提	516,055	23,000	N/A	3,600	54.5	0.430	163/177
厄立特里亚	5,647,168	121,320	N/A	1,600	57.3	0.349	175/181
埃塞俄比亚	85,237,338	1,127,127	50%/28.8%	2,200	52.5	0.363	107/93
索马里	9,832,017	637,657	N/A	N/A	47.7	N/A	N/A
博茨瓦纳	1,990,876	600,370	80.4%/81.8%	17,000	49.8	0.633	45/83
科摩罗	752,438	2,170	N/A	1,600	63.2	0.433	162/168
莱索托	2,130,819	30,355	73.7%/90.3%	3,300	42.9	0.450	130/131
马达加斯加	19,625,000	587,041	76.5%/65.3%	1,600	59	0.480	134/12
马拉维	14,268,711	118,480	N/A	1,200	47.6	0.400	132/128
毛里求斯	1,284,264	2,040	88.2%/80.5%	22,300	73.2	0.728	17/10
莫桑比克	21,669,278	801,590	N/A	1,300	42.5	0.322	135/96
纳米比亚	2,108,665	825,418	86.8%/83.6%	11,200	52.5	0.625	66/123
塞舌尔	87,476	455	91.4%/92.3%	29,300	72.2	0.773	111/81
南非	59,899,991	1,219,912	N/A	13,600	50.7	0.619	34/67
斯威士兰	1,123,913	17,363	80.9%/78.3%	11,089	40.8	0.608	115/158
赞比亚	11,862,740	752,614	N/A	4,000	41.7	0.430	90/94
津巴布韦	11,392,629	390,580	92.7%/86.2%	2,300	42.7	0.376	159/155
贝宁	8,791,832	112,620	47.9%/42.3%	2,300	56.2	0.427	172/155
马里	12,666,987	1,240,000	32.7%/15.9%	2,200	53.8	0.359	156/139
布基纳法索	15,730,977	274,200	25.3%	1,900	51	0.331	150/116
佛得角	499,000	322,462		7,000
科特迪瓦	20,617,068	322,463		3,900
冈比亚	1,782,893	11,295		2,600
加纳	24,200,000	238,535		4,700
几内亚	10,057,975	245,857		2,200
几内亚比绍	1,647,000	36,125		1,900
利比里亚	4,128,572	111,369		1,300
毛里塔尼亚	3,359,185	1,030,700		4,500
尼日尔	17,129,076	1,267,000		1,200
塞内加尔	12,855,153	196,712		3,500
塞拉利昂	6,190,280	71,740		1,600
多哥	7,154,237	56,785		1,700

GDP per Capita (PPP) (2016, 2017 (PPP, US$)), Life (Exp.) (Life Expectancy 2006), Literacy (Male/Female 2006), Trans (Transparency 2009), HDI (Human Development Index), EODBR (Ease of Doing Business Rank June 2008 through May 2009), SAB (Starting a Business June 2008 through May 2009), PFI (Press Freedom Index 2009)

参考文献

↑ Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings. United Nations Statistics Division. 2013-02-11 [2013-07-20]. "The designation sub-Saharan Africa is commonly used to indicate all of Africa except Northern Africa, with the Sudan included in sub-Saharan Africa."
↑ sub-Saharan Africa. [2015-08-22].
↑ "World Population prospects – Population division". population.un.org. 联合国经济和社会事务部人口司. [2019-11-09].
↑ "Overall total population" – World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision (xslx). population.un.org (custom data acquired via website). 联合国经济和社会事务部人口司. [2019-11-09].
↑ World Population Prospects 2019 – Population Division. Esa.un.org. 2019-08-28 [2019-12-22].
↑ Fertility rate, total (births per woman) | Data. data.worldbank.org. [2016-07-21].
↑ According to the CIA Factbook : Angola, Benin, Burundi, Burkina Faso, the Central African Republic, Cameroon, Chad, the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, the Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 （2009）. Africa Development Indicators 2008/2009: From the World Bank Africa Database AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS. World Bank Publications, p. 28, ISBN 0-8213-7787-6, 9780821377871.
↑ World Bank. Doing Business 2010, Economy Ranking
↑ National Literacy Survey. National Bureau of Statistics. 2010-06 [2015-09-05].
↑ The World Factbook. Cia.gov. [2015-09-29].

[1] Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings. United Nations Statistics Division. 2013-02-11 [2013-07-20]. "The designation sub-Saharan Africa is commonly used to indicate all of Africa except Northern Africa, with the Sudan included in sub-Saharan Africa."

[2] sub-Saharan Africa. [2015-08-22].

[UN_WPP-3] "World Population prospects – Population division". population.un.org. 联合国经济和社会事务部人口司. [2019-11-09].

[UN_WPP_2019-4] "Overall total population" – World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision (xslx). population.un.org (custom data acquired via website). 联合国经济和社会事务部人口司. [2019-11-09].

[5] World Population Prospects 2019 – Population Division. Esa.un.org. 2019-08-28 [2019-12-22].

[6] Fertility rate, total (births per woman) | Data. data.worldbank.org. [2016-07-21].

[7] According to the CIA Factbook : Angola, Benin, Burundi, Burkina Faso, the Central African Republic, Cameroon, Chad, the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, the Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia

[Database_AFRICAN_DEVELOPMENT_INDICATORS_p._28-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 （2009）. Africa Development Indicators 2008/2009: From the World Bank Africa Database AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS. World Bank Publications, p. 28, ISBN 0-8213-7787-6, 9780821377871.

[9] World Bank. Doing Business 2010, Economy Ranking

[10] National Literacy Survey. National Bureau of Statistics. 2010-06 [2015-09-05].

[11] The World Factbook. Cia.gov. [2015-09-29].

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