臭蟲科

臭蟲科
	Cimex lectularius
生物分類法
域：	真核域 Eukaryota
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	節肢動物門 Arthropoda
綱：	昆蟲綱 Insecta
目：	半翅目 Hemiptera
亞目：	異翅亞目 Heteroptera
下目：	臭蟲下目 Cimicomorpha
總科：	臭蟲總科 Cimicoidea
科：	臭蟲科 Cimicidae; Latreille, 1802

床蝨，俗稱臭蟲，是一種很小及難以捕捉的寄生昆蟲，屬於臭蟲科（Cris），是半翅目異翅亞目臭蟲下目臭蟲總科的生物種類。臭蟲有一對臭腳，能分泌一種異常臭液，此種臭液有防禦天敵和促進交配之用，臭蟲爬過的地方，都留下難聞的臭氣，故名臭蟲。

一般來說，臭蟲泛指所有偏好以人體糞便為食糧的種屬；但其實臭蟲科包括所有以吸食溫血動物的血液為生的昆蟲^[1]^[2]。臭蟲的首選棲息地是房子的床板，尤其是病床或其他公共地方的床。臭蟲雖然不是嚴格只在夜間活動，但夜間仍然是牠們的主要活動時間，亦可以在宿主不留意下吸取宿主的血液。

臭蟲曾經在1940年代早期開始在已發展國家間蔓延，但後來得到治理；不過，從1995年開始，臭蟲再度在世界為患^[3]。

簡述

成年的臭蟲是一種褐紅色的昆蟲，扁平帶橢圓形，少數有翅膀且善飛。相對於其身軀，臭蟲的頭比較短而闊^[4]。臭蟲的身上長有微細的毛，使之看起來像是有條紋。成蟲普遍長4到5毫米，闊1.5到3毫米。臭蟲在進食前身體扁平如紙，進食後身體變深紅色，並且脹起。若蟲在剛剛孵化出來時呈半透明，顏色較淺；但當牠們達至性成熟時會脫皮，並轉為褐色。臭蟲可以換殼5次，完成第5次換殼就成為成蟲。

臭蟲之間的溝通全靠信息素及益它素，用以傳遞有關結巢地點、攻擊及繁殖的信息。

臭蟲的生命周期視乎其品種及食物供應而有所不同，一般來說，可存活一年^[5]。床蝨擁有儲精囊，雌性床蝨一生只需交配一次，便終生不用交配都具繁殖能力。期間雌性床蝨可產卵200至400顆，其數量亦是視乎食物供應而定，但也受溫度影響^[5]。蟲卵約於十天後孵化^[5]。

生存環境

在臭蟲科眾多品種裏，以溫帶臭蟲（Cimex lectularius）^[6]對人類環境最為適應。牠們可在世界上所有溫帶氣候地點裏發現。其他品種如熱帶臭蟲（Cimex hemipterus）^[6]則可在熱帶地區發現，亦同時會感染家禽、蝙蝠及Leptocimex boueti；而在西非及南美洲的熱帶地區發現的，可令人類及蝙蝠感染。Cimex pilosellus及Cimex pipistrella主要感染蝙蝠，而一種在北美發現的品種Haematosiphon inodora則會感染家禽^[4]。

臭蟲可以在一個相當廣泛的溫度和大氣成分比例環境裏存活。當環境溫度下降至16.1℃時，成蟲會進入半休眠狀態，使之能夠存活更久^[7]；即使溫度下跌至-10℃，臭蟲仍然能夠存活至少五天；但若暴露於-32℃的低溫，則會在15分鐘後死亡^[8]。臭蟲具高度抗旱性，即使在氣溫達35–40 °C度而且濕度低的環境裏，在失去了體重的三分之一後仍能存活；但在其較早期的生長階段，其抗寒能力較差^[9]。C. lectularius在眾多臭蟲科品種裏的熱死點最高：達45℃，而當溫度高達46℃時，只要停留七分鐘時間，所有臭蟲不管在哪一個生命階段都會捱不過而死掉^[8]。臭蟲在缺氧環境下也有頗強的生命力，雖然在高濃度二氧化碳或近乎全氮氣的大氣環境裏顯然不能生存，但也可以支撐超過72小時^[10]。

食性

臭蟲是一種強制性吸血昆蟲。大多數品種都只會在沒有人類可供吸血的情況，才會吸食其他動物的血。臭蟲尋找宿主的方法，主要是透過找尋宿主排出的二氧化碳，其次是其熱量，之後才到其他化合物^[11]。

當臭蟲以其口器刺穿宿主的皮膚時，會在皮膚上留下兩個孔洞，因為其口器有兩條空心的進食管：一條用來向宿主注射含有抗凝血劑和麻醉劑的唾液，而另一條用來從宿主吸取血液。在進食約五分鐘後，臭蟲會返回其藏身處^[2]。

雖然臭蟲可以在沒有進食時仍能生存整整一年^[12]，日常會每隔五到十天進食一次。當天氣寒冷時，臭蟲也可以存活一年；而在更有利於活動和覓食的溫度時，可生存約五個月^[13]。

在2009年美國昆蟲學會的第57屆年會，有報告指在維珍尼亞州發現新一代的抗殺蟲劑臭蟲在沒有進食時只能存活二個月^[14]。

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參考資料

↑ Reinhardt, Klaus; Siva-Jothy, Michael T. Biology of the Bed Bugs (Cimicidae) (PDF). Annual Review of Entomology. Jan 2007, 52: 351–374 [2010-05-26]. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.040306.133913.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 What Are Bed Bugs? How To Kill Bed Bugs. Medical News Today. MediLexicon International Ltd. 2009-07-20 [2010-05-27].
↑ Kilpenen, O.; Vagn Jensen, K-M.; Kristensen, M. Bed Bug Problems in Denmark, with a European Perspective (PDF): 395–399. [2010-05-27]. ，收錄於Robinson, WH; Bajomi, D. (eds). Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Urban Pests. Hungary: OOK-Press Kft. 2008.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Cranshaw, W.S.; Camper, M.; Peairs, F.B. Bat Bugs and Bed Bugs. Colorado State University Extension. Feb 2009 [2010-05-27] （英語）.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 引用錯誤：無效的 <ref> 標籤，未定義名稱為 singtao_ca 的參考文獻內容文字。
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 王磊; 王常祿; 許益鐫; 曾玲. 臭虫的再猖獗、生物学及防治研究进展. 《昆蟲學報》.
↑ 存档副本. [2010-08-08].
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Quarles, William. Bed Bugs Bounce Back (PDF). IPM Practitioner (Berkeley, CA: Bio-Integral Resource Center). 2007-03, 24 (3/4): 1–8 [2010-05-27].
↑ Benoit, J. B.; del Grosso, N.; Yoder, J. A.; Denlinger, D. L. Resistance to dehydration between bouts of blood feeding in the bed bug, Cimex lectularius, is enhanced by water conservation, aggregation, and quiescence. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2007, 76 (5): 987–993 [2010-05-27]. ISSN 0002-9637. PMID 17488928.
↑ Herrmann, J.; Adler, C.; Hoffmann, G.; Reichmuth, C. Efficacy of controlled atmospheres on Cimex lectularius (L.) (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) and Argas reflexus Fab. (Acari: Argasidae) (PDF). Robinson, Wm H.; Rettich, F.; Rambo, G.W. (編). Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Urban Pests. Hronov, Czech Republic: Grafické Závody: 637. 1999 [2010-05-31]. (abstracted from a poster presentation in Prague, Jul 19-22)
↑ Anderson, J.F.; Ferrandino, F.J.; McKnight, S.; Nolen, J.; Miller, J., A carbon dioxide, heat and chemical lure trap for the bedbug, Cimex lectularius (PDF), Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 2009, 23 (2): 99–105 [2010-05-27], doi:10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00790.x ^{[永久失效連結]}
↑ Loye, Jenella E. The life history and ecology of the cliff swallow bug, Oeciacus vicarius (Hemiptera : Cimicidae) (PDF). Ent med. et Parasitol (Cah. OSTROM). 1985, 32 (2): 133–139 [2010-05-26]. ISSN 0029-7224. N.B. This paper reports an abandoned swallow colony with Oeciacus vicarius surviving three consecutive years. However, that does not preclude the availability of other species (e.g., bats, other mammals, other birds) to fall back on for occasional feeding.
↑ Boase, C., Bedbugs - back from the brink, Pesticide Outlook, 2001, 12 (4): 159–162 [2010-05-27], doi:10.1039/b106301b
↑ Milius, Susan. Do-it-yourself bed-bug detector. Science News. Society for Science and the Public: 88. 2010-01-16 [2010-05-27]. |volume=被忽略 (幫助); |number=被忽略 (幫助) 引述自 Polanco-Pinzón, Andrea; et al. Survivorship and growth potential of modern bed bug populations (Cimex lectularius) in the United States. Conference proceedings of 57th Annual Meeting (Entomological Society of America). 2009.

延伸閱讀

Stephen Doggett. A Code of Practice for the Control of Bed Bugs in Australia. 3rd edition, ICPMR & AEPMA, Sydney Australia, May 2010. ISBN 1-74080-122-9. This is free from www.bedbug.org.au .
Stephen Doggett. A Bed Bug Management Policy for Accommodation Providers. Draft first ed, ICPMR, Sydney Australia, May 2010. This is free from www.bedbug.org.au .
David Cain, Richard Strand. Bed Bug Beware: An easy to understand guide to bed bugs, their prevention and control. Loughborough, United Kingdom: Foxhill Publishing, March 2009. ISBN 978-0-9562617-0-0
Larry Pinto, Richard Cooper, Sandy Kraft. Bed Bug Handbook: The Complete Guide to Bed Bugs and Their Control. Mechanicsville, Maryland: Pinto & Associates, December 2007. ISBN 978-0-9788878-1-0
Forsyth, Adrian. A Natural History of Sex: The Ecology and Evolution of Mating Behavior. Richmond Hill, Ontario: Firefly Books, 2001. ISBN 1-55209-481-2.
MacQuitty, Miranda, and Lawrence Mound. Megabugs: The Natural History Museum Book of Insects. New York: Random House Children's Books, 1995. ISBN 1-898304-37-8, ISBN 1-85868-045-X.
Goddard, Jerome A. The Physician’s Guide to Arthropods of Medical Importance (second edition).

外部連結

一般資訊

bed bug on the University of Florida/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Featured Creatures Web site
Pollack, Richard; Alpert, Gary. Bedbugs: Biology and Management. Harvard School of Public Health. 2005 [2010-06-21].
Bed Bug Hub Information from the National Pest Management Association with FAQs and recent round up of news stories on bed bugs
National Geographic segment on Bedbugs
Bedbugs - University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital Department of Medical Entomology
Solutions on bed bugs - Debug X 100

衛生與疾控相關資料

"Vector surveillance and control: Bed bug fact sheet" NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene 12 January 2008
Understanding and Controlling Bed Bugs - National Pesticide Information Center
Video Featuring Tips on Controlling/Preventing Bed Bug Problems in Hotel Rooms, from National Pest Management Association
Bedbug bites , Robert A. Schwartz, MD, MPH, et al, eMedicine , May 2008: .
Bed Bug Infestations in an Urban Environment, Stephen W. Hwang, Tomislav J. Svoboda, Iain J. De Jong, Karl J. Kabasele, and Evie Gogosis : Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol. 11, No. 4, April 2005.
Barb Ogg. Bed Bug Management. Insects, Spiders, Mice and More. University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension in Lancaster County. 2010 [2010-06-21].
University of Kentucky EntFacts Information Sheet on bedbugs
Connecticut Coalition Against Bed Bugs - includes information on bed bug self-protection, management, and legal suggestions
Taisey, Allison A.; Neltner, Tom, What’s Working for Bed Bug Control in Multifamily Housing: Reconciling best practices with research and the realities of implementation (PDF), National Center for Healthy Housing, Feb 2010

[bioofbedbug-1] Reinhardt, Klaus; Siva-Jothy, Michael T. Biology of the Bed Bugs (Cimicidae) (PDF). Annual Review of Entomology. Jan 2007, 52: 351–374 [2010-05-26]. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.040306.133913.

[mednewstoday-2] 2.0 ^2.1 What Are Bed Bugs? How To Kill Bed Bugs. Medical News Today. MediLexicon International Ltd. 2009-07-20 [2010-05-27].

[3] Kilpenen, O.; Vagn Jensen, K-M.; Kristensen, M. Bed Bug Problems in Denmark, with a European Perspective (PDF): 395–399. [2010-05-27]. ，收錄於Robinson, WH; Bajomi, D. (eds). Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Urban Pests. Hungary: OOK-Press Kft. 2008.

[Cranshaw-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Cranshaw, W.S.; Camper, M.; Peairs, F.B. Bat Bugs and Bed Bugs. Colorado State University Extension. Feb 2009 [2010-05-27] （英語）.

[singtao_ca-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 引用錯誤：無效的 <ref> 標籤，未定義名稱為 singtao_ca 的參考文獻內容文字。

[Wang2016-6] 6.0 ^6.1 王磊; 王常祿; 許益鐫; 曾玲. 臭虫的再猖獗、生物学及防治研究进展. 《昆蟲學報》.

[7] 存档副本. [2010-08-08].

[birc.org-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Quarles, William. Bed Bugs Bounce Back (PDF). IPM Practitioner (Berkeley, CA: Bio-Integral Resource Center). 2007-03, 24 (3/4): 1–8 [2010-05-27].

[9] Benoit, J. B.; del Grosso, N.; Yoder, J. A.; Denlinger, D. L. Resistance to dehydration between bouts of blood feeding in the bed bug, Cimex lectularius, is enhanced by water conservation, aggregation, and quiescence. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2007, 76 (5): 987–993 [2010-05-27]. ISSN 0002-9637. PMID 17488928.

[herrmannetal-10] Herrmann, J.; Adler, C.; Hoffmann, G.; Reichmuth, C. Efficacy of controlled atmospheres on Cimex lectularius (L.) (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) and Argas reflexus Fab. (Acari: Argasidae) (PDF). Robinson, Wm H.; Rettich, F.; Rambo, G.W. (編). Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Urban Pests. Hronov, Czech Republic: Grafické Závody: 637. 1999 [2010-05-31]. (abstracted from a poster presentation in Prague, Jul 19-22)

[anderson09-11] Anderson, J.F.; Ferrandino, F.J.; McKnight, S.; Nolen, J.; Miller, J., A carbon dioxide, heat and chemical lure trap for the bedbug, Cimex lectularius (PDF), Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 2009, 23 (2): 99–105 [2010-05-27], doi:10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00790.x ^{[永久失效連結]}

[12] Loye, Jenella E. The life history and ecology of the cliff swallow bug, Oeciacus vicarius (Hemiptera : Cimicidae) (PDF). Ent med. et Parasitol (Cah. OSTROM). 1985, 32 (2): 133–139 [2010-05-26]. ISSN 0029-7224. N.B. This paper reports an abandoned swallow colony with Oeciacus vicarius surviving three consecutive years. However, that does not preclude the availability of other species (e.g., bats, other mammals, other birds) to fall back on for occasional feeding.

[Boase2001-13] Boase, C., Bedbugs - back from the brink, Pesticide Outlook, 2001, 12 (4): 159–162 [2010-05-27], doi:10.1039/b106301b

[diydetector-14] Milius, Susan. Do-it-yourself bed-bug detector. Science News. Society for Science and the Public: 88. 2010-01-16 [2010-05-27]. |volume=被忽略 (幫助); |number=被忽略 (幫助) 引述自 Polanco-Pinzón, Andrea; et al. Survivorship and growth potential of modern bed bug populations (Cimex lectularius) in the United States. Conference proceedings of 57th Annual Meeting (Entomological Society of America). 2009.

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臭蟲科

Cimex lectularius
生物分類法
域：	真核域 Eukaryota
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	節肢動物門 Arthropoda
綱：	昆蟲綱 Insecta
目：	半翅目 Hemiptera
亞目：	異翅亞目 Heteroptera
下目：	臭蟲下目 Cimicomorpha
總科：	臭蟲總科 Cimicoidea
科：	臭蟲科 Cimicidae Latreille, 1802