“臭虫”重定向至此。关于其他用法，请见“臭虫（消歧义）”。
| 臭虫科 | |
|---|---|
| |
| Cimex lectularius | |
科学分类 
| |
| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
| 纲： | 昆虫纲 Insecta |
| 目： | 半翅目 Hemiptera |
| 亚目： | 异翅亚目 Heteroptera |
| 下目： | 臭虫下目 Cimicomorpha |
| 总科： | 臭虫总科 Cimicoidea |
| 科： | 臭虫科 Cimicidae Latreille, 1802 |
床虱，俗称臭虫，是一种很小及难以捕捉的寄生昆虫，属于臭虫科（Cris），是半翅目异翅亚目臭虫下目臭虫总科的生物种类。臭虫有一对臭脚，能分泌一种异常臭液，此种臭液有防御天敌和促进交配之用，臭虫爬过的地方，都留下难闻的臭气，故名臭虫。
一般来说，臭虫泛指所有偏好以人体粪便为食粮的种属；但其实臭虫科包括所有以吸食温血动物的血液为生的昆虫[1][2]。臭虫的首选栖息地是房子的床板，尤其是病床或其他公共地方的床。臭虫虽然不是严格只在夜间活动，但夜间仍然是它们的主要活动时间，亦可以在宿主不留意下吸取宿主的血液。
臭虫曾经在1940年代早期开始在已发展国家间蔓延，但后来得到治理；不过，从1995年开始，臭虫再度在世界为患[3]。
简述
成年的臭虫是一种褐红色的昆虫，扁平带椭圆形，少数有翅膀且善飞。相对于其身躯，臭虫的头比较短而阔[4]。臭虫的身上长有微细的毛，使之看起来像是有条纹。成虫普遍长4到5毫米，阔1.5到3毫米。臭虫在进食前身体扁平如纸，进食后身体变深红色，并且胀起。 若虫在刚刚孵化出来时呈半透明，颜色较浅；但当它们达至性成熟时会脱皮，并转为褐色。臭虫可以换壳5次，完成第5次换壳就成为成虫。
臭虫之间的沟通全靠信息素及益它素，用以传递有关结巢地点、攻击及繁殖的信息。
臭虫的生命周期视乎其品种及食物供应而有所不同，一般来说，可存活一年[5]。床虱拥有储精囊，雌性床虱一生只需交配一次，便终生不用交配都具繁殖能力。期间雌性床虱可产卵200至400颗，其数量亦是视乎食物供应而定，但也受温度影响[5]。虫卵约于十天后孵化[5]。
生存环境
在臭虫科众多品种里，以温带臭虫（Cimex lectularius）[6]对人类环境最为适应。它们可在世界上所有温带气候地点里发现。其他品种如热带臭虫（Cimex hemipterus）[6]则可在热带地区发现，亦同时会感染家禽、蝙蝠及Leptocimex boueti；而在西非及南美洲的热带地区发现的，可令人类及蝙蝠感染。Cimex pilosellus及Cimex pipistrella主要感染蝙蝠，而一种在北美发现的品种Haematosiphon inodora则会感染家禽[4]。
臭虫可以在一个相当广泛的温度和大气成分比例环境里存活。当环境温度下降至16.1℃时，成虫会进入半休眠状态，使之能够存活更久[7]；即使温度下跌至-10℃，臭虫仍然能够存活至少五天；但若暴露于-32℃的低温，则会在15分钟后死亡[8]。臭虫具高度抗旱性，即使在气温达35–40 °C度而且湿度低的环境里，在失去了体重的三分之一后仍能存活；但在其较早期的生长阶段，其抗寒能力较差[9]。C. lectularius在众多臭虫科品种里的热死点最高：达45℃，而当温度高达46℃时，只要停留七分钟时间，所有臭虫不管在哪一个生命阶段都会捱不过而死掉[8]。臭虫在缺氧环境下也有颇强的生命力，虽然在高浓度二氧化碳或近乎全氮气的大气环境里显然不能生存，但也可以支撑超过72小时[10]。
食性
臭虫是一种强制性吸血昆虫。大多数品种都只会在没有人类可供吸血的情况，才会吸食其他动物的血。臭虫寻找宿主的方法，主要是透过找寻宿主排出的二氧化碳，其次是其热量，之后才到其他化合物[11]。
当臭虫以其口器刺穿宿主的皮肤时，会在皮肤上留下两个孔洞，因为其口器有两条空心的进食管：一条用来向宿主注射含有抗凝血剂和麻醉剂的唾液，而另一条用来从宿主吸取血液。在进食约五分钟后，臭虫会返回其藏身处[2]。
虽然臭虫可以在没有进食时仍能生存整整一年[12]，日常会每隔五到十天进食一次。当天气寒冷时，臭虫也可以存活一年；而在更有利于活动和觅食的温度时，可生存约五个月[13]。
在2009年美国昆虫学会的第57届年会，有报告指在维珍尼亚州发现新一代的抗杀虫剂臭虫在没有进食时只能存活二个月[14]。
参看
参考资料
- ↑ Reinhardt, Klaus; Siva-Jothy, Michael T. Biology of the Bed Bugs (Cimicidae) (PDF). Annual Review of Entomology. Jan 2007, 52: 351–374 [2010-05-26]. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.040306.133913.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 What Are Bed Bugs? How To Kill Bed Bugs. Medical News Today. MediLexicon International Ltd. 2009-07-20 [2010-05-27].
- ↑ Kilpenen, O.; Vagn Jensen, K-M.; Kristensen, M. Bed Bug Problems in Denmark, with a European Perspective (PDF): 395–399. [2010-05-27].，收录于Robinson, WH; Bajomi, D. (eds). Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Urban Pests. Hungary: OOK-Press Kft. 2008.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cranshaw, W.S.; Camper, M.; Peairs, F.B. Bat Bugs and Bed Bugs. Colorado State University Extension. Feb 2009 [2010-05-27] （英语）.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 引证错误：
<ref>标签无效；未给name（名称）为singtao_ca的ref（参考）提供文本 - ↑ 6.0 6.1 王磊; 王常禄; 许益镌; 曾玲. 臭虫的再猖獗、生物学及防治研究进展. 《昆虫学报》.
- ↑ 存档副本. [2010-08-08].
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Quarles, William. Bed Bugs Bounce Back (PDF). IPM Practitioner (Berkeley, CA: Bio-Integral Resource Center). 2007-03, 24 (3/4): 1–8 [2010-05-27].
- ↑ Benoit, J. B.; del Grosso, N.; Yoder, J. A.; Denlinger, D. L. Resistance to dehydration between bouts of blood feeding in the bed bug, Cimex lectularius, is enhanced by water conservation, aggregation, and quiescence. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2007, 76 (5): 987–993 [2010-05-27]. ISSN 0002-9637. PMID 17488928.
- ↑ Herrmann, J.; Adler, C.; Hoffmann, G.; Reichmuth, C. Efficacy of controlled atmospheres on Cimex lectularius (L.) (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) and Argas reflexus Fab. (Acari: Argasidae) (PDF). Robinson, Wm H.; Rettich, F.; Rambo, G.W. (编). Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Urban Pests. Hronov, Czech Republic: Grafické Závody: 637. 1999 [2010-05-31]. (abstracted from a poster presentation in Prague, Jul 19-22)
- ↑ Anderson, J.F.; Ferrandino, F.J.; McKnight, S.; Nolen, J.; Miller, J., A carbon dioxide, heat and chemical lure trap for the bedbug, Cimex lectularius (PDF), Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 2009, 23 (2): 99–105 [2010-05-27], doi:10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00790.x[永久失效链接]
- ↑ Loye, Jenella E. The life history and ecology of the cliff swallow bug, Oeciacus vicarius (Hemiptera : Cimicidae) (PDF). Ent med. et Parasitol (Cah. OSTROM). 1985, 32 (2): 133–139 [2010-05-26]. ISSN 0029-7224. N.B. This paper reports an abandoned swallow colony with Oeciacus vicarius surviving three consecutive years. However, that does not preclude the availability of other species (e.g., bats, other mammals, other birds) to fall back on for occasional feeding.
- ↑ Boase, C., Bedbugs - back from the brink, Pesticide Outlook, 2001, 12 (4): 159–162 [2010-05-27], doi:10.1039/b106301b
- ↑ Milius, Susan. Do-it-yourself bed-bug detector. Science News. Society for Science and the Public: 88. 2010-01-16 [2010-05-27].
|volume=被忽略 (帮助);|number=被忽略 (帮助) 引述自 Polanco-Pinzón, Andrea; et al. Survivorship and growth potential of modern bed bug populations (Cimex lectularius) in the United States. Conference proceedings of 57th Annual Meeting (Entomological Society of America). 2009.
延伸阅读
- Stephen Doggett. A Code of Practice for the Control of Bed Bugs in Australia. 3rd edition, ICPMR & AEPMA, Sydney Australia, May 2010. ISBN 1-74080-122-9. This is free from www.bedbug.org.au .
- Stephen Doggett. A Bed Bug Management Policy for Accommodation Providers. Draft first ed, ICPMR, Sydney Australia, May 2010. This is free from www.bedbug.org.au .
- David Cain, Richard Strand. Bed Bug Beware: An easy to understand guide to bed bugs, their prevention and control. Loughborough, United Kingdom: Foxhill Publishing, March 2009. ISBN 978-0-9562617-0-0
- Larry Pinto, Richard Cooper, Sandy Kraft. Bed Bug Handbook: The Complete Guide to Bed Bugs and Their Control. Mechanicsville, Maryland: Pinto & Associates, December 2007. ISBN 978-0-9788878-1-0
- Forsyth, Adrian. A Natural History of Sex: The Ecology and Evolution of Mating Behavior. Richmond Hill, Ontario: Firefly Books, 2001. ISBN 1-55209-481-2.
- MacQuitty, Miranda, and Lawrence Mound. Megabugs: The Natural History Museum Book of Insects. New York: Random House Children's Books, 1995. ISBN 1-898304-37-8, ISBN 1-85868-045-X.
- Goddard, Jerome A. The Physician’s Guide to Arthropods of Medical Importance (second edition).
外部链接
一般资讯
- bed bug on the University of Florida/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Featured Creatures Web site
- Pollack, Richard; Alpert, Gary. Bedbugs: Biology and Management. Harvard School of Public Health. 2005 [2010-06-21].
- Bed Bug Hub Information from the National Pest Management Association with FAQs and recent round up of news stories on bed bugs
- National Geographic segment on Bedbugs
- Bedbugs - University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital Department of Medical Entomology
- Solutions on bed bugs - Debug X 100
卫生与疾控相关资料
- "Vector surveillance and control: Bed bug fact sheet" NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene 12 January 2008
- Understanding and Controlling Bed Bugs - National Pesticide Information Center
- Video Featuring Tips on Controlling/Preventing Bed Bug Problems in Hotel Rooms, from National Pest Management Association
- Bedbug bites , Robert A. Schwartz, MD, MPH, et al, eMedicine , May 2008: .
- Bed Bug Infestations in an Urban Environment, Stephen W. Hwang, Tomislav J. Svoboda, Iain J. De Jong, Karl J. Kabasele, and Evie Gogosis : Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol. 11, No. 4, April 2005.
- Barb Ogg. Bed Bug Management. Insects, Spiders, Mice and More. University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension in Lancaster County. 2010 [2010-06-21].
- University of Kentucky EntFacts Information Sheet on bedbugs
- Connecticut Coalition Against Bed Bugs - includes information on bed bug self-protection, management, and legal suggestions
- Taisey, Allison A.; Neltner, Tom, What’s Working for Bed Bug Control in Multifamily Housing: Reconciling best practices with research and the realities of implementation (PDF), National Center for Healthy Housing, Feb 2010