鼻窦炎

鼻窦炎; Sinusitis
同义词	Sinus infection, rhinosinusitis
	箭头所示为患病之鼻窦内部因为鼻水蓄积而阻挡了X-光通过，呈现反白；相较之下没有患病的鼻窦则呈现透明。
症状	浓稠的鼻涕、鼻塞、面部疼痛、发烧
肇因	感染（细菌感染、真菌感染）、过敏、空气污染、鼻子结构的问题
风险因子	哮喘、囊肿性纤维化、免疫缺陷
诊断方法	通常仅需根据症状。
相似疾病或共病	真菌性鼻窦炎、偏头痛
预防	洗手、不抽烟、免疫接种
治疗	镇痛药、皮质类固醇、鼻冲洗、抗细菌药
盛行率	每年 10–30% (已开发国家)
分类和外部资源
医学专科	耳鼻喉科学

鼻窦炎（Sinusitis）是描述发生于鼻窦的炎症。常见症状包含浓厚鼻涕、鼻塞，以及脸部疼痛^[1]。其他症状包含发烧、头痛、嗅觉减退、喉咙痛，以及咳嗽^[2]^[3]。咳嗽会于夜间加剧。严重副作用较为罕见^[3]。临床上将病程4周以下的鼻窦炎称作急性鼻窦炎（Acute rhinosinutis，ARS），延续12周以上则称为慢性鼻窦炎（Chronic rhinosinutis，CRS）^[1]。

鼻窦炎可能肇因于感染、过敏、空气污染，或鼻腔构造问题。最常见的案例为病毒感染^[2]。如果症状持续十天以上未改善，可能就会造成病原菌孳生。哮喘、囊肿性纤维化，及免疫缺失患者可能会有复发鼻窦炎的现象。如果没有怀疑有其他可能并发症存在，一般来说不需使用X光照影。慢性鼻窦炎则建议以鼻镜或电脑断层检查^[1]。

洗手、禁烟，和增加免疫力能预防某些鼻窦炎发生^[2]。疼痛症状则可以使用如萘普生、皮质类固醇等镇痛药缓解，鼻冲洗也许能缓解某些症状^[1]^[5]。急性鼻窦炎一般进行仅积极观察^[1]，若症状持续7-10日，且持续恶化，则可施予抗细菌药介入^[1]。已使用抗细菌药者，第一线辅佐药物建议选用阿莫西林或阿莫西林克拉维酸钾。某些慢性病人或许可以借助执行手术来缓解。^[6]。

鼻窦炎为常见的症状^[1]。在欧美，每年约有一至三成的人会发生^[1]^[7]。女性发生率较男性为高^[8]。慢性鼻窦炎发生率约为12.5%^[9]。美国花费于鼻窦炎治疗上的金钱约达110亿美金^[1]。鼻窦炎的无效治疗相当泛滥，包含以抗细菌药治疗病毒性鼻窦炎^[1]。

流行病学

鼻窦炎是常见的病症，美国每年约有二千至三千万人出现鼻窦炎的症状^[10]^[11]。约有12.5%的人会受到慢性鼻窦炎的影响^[9]。

研究

近期的研究指出真菌可能和慢性鼻窦炎的形成有关，已在试验中用过抗真菌制剂的治疗方式，有混合性的效果^[12]。

参见

参考资料

↑ ^1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 ^1.11 ^1.12 ^1.13 ^1.14 Rosenfeld, RM; Piccirillo, JF; Chandrasekhar, SS; Brook, I; Ashok Kumar, K; Kramper, M; Orlandi, RR; Palmer, JN; Patel, ZM; Peters, A; Walsh, SA; Corrigan, MD. Clinical practice guideline (update): adult sinusitis executive summary.. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 2015-04, 152 (4): 598–609. PMID 25833927. doi:10.1177/0194599815574247.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 Sinus Infection (Sinusitis). cdc.gov. 2013-09-30 [2015-04-06].
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 What Are the Symptoms of Sinusitis?. 2012-04-03 [2015-04-06].
↑ Migraines vs. Sinus Headaches. American Migraine Foundation. [2017-10-23].
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 King, D; Mitchell, B; Williams, CP; Spurling, GK. Saline nasal irrigation for acute upper respiratory tract infections.. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2015-04-20, 4: CD006821. PMID 25892369. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006821.pub3.
↑ How Is Sinusitis Treated?. 2012-04-03 [2015-04-06].
↑ Adkinson, N. Franklin. Middleton's allergy : principles and practice. Eight. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. 2014: 687. ISBN 9780323085939.
↑ Sinusitis. U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. 2012-04-03 [2015-04-06].
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Hamilos DL. Chronic rhinosinusitis: epidemiology and medical management. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2011-10, 128 (4): 693–707; quiz 708–9. PMID 21890184. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.08.004.
↑ Anon JB. Upper respiratory infections. Am. J. Med. 2010-04, 123 (4 Suppl): S16–25. PMID 20350632. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.02.003.
↑ Dykewicz MS, Hamilos DL. Rhinitis and sinusitis. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2010-02, 125 (2 Suppl 2): S103–15. PMID 20176255. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.989.
↑ Leung RS, Katial R. The diagnosis and management of acute and chronic sinusitis. Primary care. 2008-03, 35 (1): 11–24, v–vi. PMID 18206715. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2007.09.002.

外部链接

[Ros2015-1] 1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 ^1.11 ^1.12 ^1.13 ^1.14 Rosenfeld, RM; Piccirillo, JF; Chandrasekhar, SS; Brook, I; Ashok Kumar, K; Kramper, M; Orlandi, RR; Palmer, JN; Patel, ZM; Peters, A; Walsh, SA; Corrigan, MD. Clinical practice guideline (update): adult sinusitis executive summary.. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 2015-04, 152 (4): 598–609. PMID 25833927. doi:10.1177/0194599815574247.

[CDC2013-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 Sinus Infection (Sinusitis). cdc.gov. 2013-09-30 [2015-04-06].

[NIH2012Sym-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 What Are the Symptoms of Sinusitis?. 2012-04-03 [2015-04-06].

[American_Migraine_Foundation-4] Migraines vs. Sinus Headaches. American Migraine Foundation. [2017-10-23].

[King2015-5] 5.0 ^5.1 King, D; Mitchell, B; Williams, CP; Spurling, GK. Saline nasal irrigation for acute upper respiratory tract infections.. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2015-04-20, 4: CD006821. PMID 25892369. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006821.pub3.

[6] How Is Sinusitis Treated?. 2012-04-03 [2015-04-06].

[7] Adkinson, N. Franklin. Middleton's allergy : principles and practice. Eight. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. 2014: 687. ISBN 9780323085939.

[8] Sinusitis. U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. 2012-04-03 [2015-04-06].

[Ham2011-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Hamilos DL. Chronic rhinosinusitis: epidemiology and medical management. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2011-10, 128 (4): 693–707; quiz 708–9. PMID 21890184. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.08.004.

[Review2010-10] Anon JB. Upper respiratory infections. Am. J. Med. 2010-04, 123 (4 Suppl): S16–25. PMID 20350632. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.02.003.

[11] Dykewicz MS, Hamilos DL. Rhinitis and sinusitis. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2010-02, 125 (2 Suppl 2): S103–15. PMID 20176255. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.989.

[Leung2008-12] Leung RS, Katial R. The diagnosis and management of acute and chronic sinusitis. Primary care. 2008-03, 35 (1): 11–24, v–vi. PMID 18206715. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2007.09.002.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]