| 支气管炎 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 图A展示了肺脏与气管的位置。图B为正常气管的放大图。图C为气管炎时的支气管放大图。 | |
| 分类和外部资源 | |
| ICD-10 | J20 -J21 , J42 |
| ICD-9-CM | 466, 491, 490 |
| DiseasesDB | 29135 |
| MedlinePlus | 001087 |
| eMedicine | article/807035 article/297108 |
| MeSH | D001991 |
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本网站的医疗相关内容仅供参考，并不能视作专业意见。如需医疗服务或可靠意见，请咨询专业人士。支气管炎是肺部支气管（中至大的大小之呼吸道）的发炎。[1]症状包括咳痰、喘鸣、呼吸急促及胸口不适。[1]支气管炎有急性和慢性两种。[1]
急性支气管炎的咳嗽症状一般持续三周，[2]逾九成是病毒感染引起的。[2]病毒经人们咳嗽的飞沫或直接接触传播。 风险因素包括吸烟、尘埃和空气污染。[1]一小部分病症是高量空气污染物或细菌直接引起，细菌包括肺炎霉浆菌和百日咳杆菌。[2][3]急性支气管炎的治疗是休息、止痛药（乙酰酚胺）和非类固醇抗发炎药物帮助退烧。[4][5]
慢性支气管炎的定义是持续两年或以上，[6]每年里超过三个月的有痰咳嗽。大部分慢性支气管炎患者有慢性阻塞性肺病。[7]吸烟是最常见的致病原因，其他原因包括空气污染和基因（后者重要性较低）。[8]慢性支气管炎的治疗是戒烟、疫苗预防、复康治疗、吸入性支气管扩张剂和类固醇。[9]一些患者需要长期吸氧治疗或肺脏移植。[9]
急性支气管炎是最常见的病症之一。[4][10]分别约5%成人和约6%儿童每年最少一次出现症状。[11][12]在2010年，慢性阻塞性肺病3亿2900万人，即约5%人口。[13]在2013年，它引起的死亡数字为2900万，比1990年的2400 万有所上升。[14]
症状
支气管炎经常伴随其他症状，如咳嗽和粘液。此外，患者也可能有呼吸不顺，并在一些身体部分（如胸部或肌肉）感到疼痛。发热和疲劳是支气管炎患者常见的另外两种症状。
诊断
体检时常会发现呼吸气声强度降低、喘息和呼气时间延长。多数医生靠持续的干咳或湿咳作为支气管炎诊断的证据。
- 胸部X光；
- 痰样本显示了中性粒细胞及病原微生物培养证明有细菌感染；
- 验血显示炎症反应（如白血球增加，C-反应蛋白增高）。
治疗
- 对细菌性急性支气管炎患者，可以使用相应的抗生素；
- 在大多数情况下，急性支气管炎是由病毒引起的，几天后将自行痊愈，无需抗生素；如怀疑合并有细菌感染或防止细菌感染，抗生素也可以考虑；
- 避免吸烟。
参考文献
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 What Is Bronchitis?. 2011-08-04 [2015-04-01].
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Albert, RH. Diagnosis and treatment of acute bronchitis.. American family physician. 2010-12-01, 82 (11): 1345–50. PMID 21121518.
- ↑ What Causes Bronchitis?. 2011-08-04 [2015-04-01].
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Tackett, KL; Atkins, A. Evidence-based acute bronchitis therapy.. Journal of pharmacy practice. 2012-12, 25 (6): 586–90. PMID 23076965.
- ↑ How Is Bronchitis Treated?. 2011-08-04 [2015-04-01].
- ↑ Vestbo, Jørgen. Diagnosis and Assessment. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. 2013: 9–17.
- ↑ Reilly, John J.; Silverman, Edwin K.; Shapiro, Steven D. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Longo, Dan; Fauci, Anthony; Kasper, Dennis; Hauser, Stephen; Jameson, J.; Loscalzo, Joseph (编). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 18th. McGraw Hill. 2011: 2151–9. ISBN 978-0-07-174889-6.
- ↑ Decramer M, Janssens W, Miravitlles M. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet. 2012-04, 379 (9823): 1341–51. PMID 22314182. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60968-9.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Rabe KF, Hurd S, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Buist SA, Calverley P, Fukuchi Y, Jenkins C, Rodriguez-Roisin R, van Weel C, Zielinski J. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2007-09, 176 (6): 532–55 [2017-06-02]. PMID 17507545. doi:10.1164/rccm.200703-456SO.
- ↑ Braman, SS. Chronic cough due to acute bronchitis: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines.. Chest. 2006-01, 129 (1 Suppl): 95S–103S. PMID 16428698.
- ↑ Wenzel, RP; Fowler AA, 3rd. Clinical practice. Acute bronchitis.. The New England journal of medicine. 2006-11-16, 355 (20): 2125–30. PMID 17108344.
- ↑ Fleming, DM; Elliot, AJ. The management of acute bronchitis in children.. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy. 2007-03, 8 (4): 415–26. PMID 17309336.
- ↑ Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, Shibuya K, Salomon JA, Abdalla S, Aboyans V; et al. Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012-12, 380 (9859): 2163–96. PMID 23245607. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2.
- ↑ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.. Lancet. 2014-12-17. PMID 25530442. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2.
外部链接
- Acute bronchitis Merck Manual of Diagnosis & Therapy
- Bronchitis The Merck Manual - Second Home Edition
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease The Merck Manual - Second Home Edition
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease The Merck Manual of Geriatrics
- Bronchitis Lungs OnLine
- Acute Bronchitis FamilyDoctor.org（American Academy of Family Physicians）