过敏

过敏
	荨麻疹是一种常见的过敏症状。
分类和外部资源
医学专科	免疫学
ICD-10	T78.4
ICD-9-CM	995.3
DiseasesDB	33481
MedlinePlus	000812
eMedicine	med/1101
MeSH	D006967

过敏（英语：Allergy）为人体接触环境中部分对一般人影响不大的过敏原因子后，所引发的一系列超敏反应现象^[1]^[2]，人体对于某些过度反应的现象，包含过敏性鼻炎、食物过敏、荨麻疹、异位性皮肤炎、哮喘与全身型过敏性反应等^[3]^[4]；症状可能有红眼、引起搔痒的皮疹、流鼻水、呼吸困难与肿胀等^[5]。食物耐受不佳与食物中毒是两种不一样的现象^[6]^[7]。

常见的过敏原有食物和花粉^[8]。金属和其他物质也可能引发过敏^[2]。食物、蚊虫叮咬和药物常造成严重的过敏反应。症状的发展同时取决于遗传和环境^[9]。过敏的原始机制是IgE抗体，会与过敏原结合，并释放组织胺等引起发炎的化学物质^[10]。过敏的确诊通常依据病患的医疗史进行判断。特定病例必须进行皮肤试验或血液检查做进一步判定^[7]。然而，检验结果为阳性，并不代表所检验的过敏原就是引发过敏的单一物质^[11]。蜜蜂、黄蜂、火蚁是主要引起过敏反应的昆虫^[12]。

在幼年时期，暴露在常见的过敏原也许具有保护作用^[13]。美国1997-2011年间对18岁以下儿童进行调查，各年龄组间食物过敏患病率无差异显著。然而，皮肤过敏随着年龄的增加而下降，而呼吸道过敏随着年龄的增加而增加^[14]。过敏的治疗包括：避开已知的过敏原和使用皮质类固醇与抗组织胺药^[15]。严重过敏时，应紧急静脉注射肾上腺素^[16]。所谓的过敏原免疫疗法，是一种借由将病人逐渐暴露在，越来越大量的过敏原下的治疗方式，常用在某些特定的过敏疾病，像是干草热或是昆虫叮咬^[17]。过敏原免疫疗法，对于食物过敏的效果还不清楚^[15]。

过敏是相当常见的症状^[18]。在发达国家，大约20%的人被过敏性鼻炎所困扰^[19]，大约6%的人至少有过一次食物过敏的经验^[7]^[13]，有将近20%的人，一生之中至少经历一次异位性皮肤炎^[20]。依据国家的不同，有 1%到18%的人有气喘的症状^[21]，0.05%到2%的人会经历全身性过敏^[22]。许多过敏性的疾病的比例有上升的趋势^[16]^[23]。1906年，克莱门斯·冯·皮尔奎首次使用“allergy”这个字来命名过敏^[9]。

传统观念上会认为过敏是因为体内抵抗力太低，实际上过敏是一项人体对外界物质的过度反应现象，跟抵抗力低下并无关联。多数过敏反应都是人体对无害物质所产生的排斥现象。会依照个体的不同而对于不同物质产生过敏，也因此并非所有过敏患者，都对同项物质产生过敏现象，所以才会通过过敏原检测的方式，来检视各个过敏患者的过敏物质。

过敏反应的类型和症状

过敏反应分为四型：第一型为即发性过敏反应（immediate hypersensitivity），它也叫作IgE介导型过敏反应、第二型为抗体依赖型和细胞毒杀过敏反应（antibody-dependent cytotoxic hypersensitivity）、第三型为免疫复合体媒介过敏反应（immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity）、第四型为迟发性过敏反应（delayed-type hypersensitivity）。

过敏症状举隅：

参看

参考资料

↑ 過敏反應—對無害物質產生的免疫反應. 长庚生物科技.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 McConnell, Thomas H. The nature of disease : pathology for the health professions. Baltimore, Mar.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2007: 159. ISBN 9780781753173.
↑ Types of Allergic Diseases. NIAID. 2015-05-29 [2015-06-17].
↑ 李巍. 特应性皮炎与过敏进程. 医学与哲学. 2014, 35 (6B): 12–14.
↑ Environmental Allergies: Symptoms. NIAID. 2015-04-22 [2015-06-19].
↑ Bahna SL. Cow's milk allergy versus cow milk intolerance.. Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. Dec 2002, 89 (6 Suppl 1): 56–60. PMID 12487206. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62124-2.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Food Allergy An Overview (pdf). 2012-07.
↑ van Ree R, Poulsen LK, Wong GWK, Ballmer-Weber BK, 高中山, 贾旭东. 食物过敏的定义、流行性、诊断及治疗. 中华预防医学杂志. 2015, 49 (1): 87–92. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2015.01.020.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Kay AB. Overview of 'allergy and allergic diseases: with a view to the future'. Br. Med. Bull. 2000, 56 (4): 843–64. PMID 11359624. doi:10.1258/0007142001903481.
↑ How Does an Allergic Response Work?. NIAID. 2015-04-21 [2015-06-20].
↑ Cox L, Williams B, Sicherer S, Oppenheimer J, Sher L, Hamilton R, Golden D. Pearls and pitfalls of allergy diagnostic testing: report from the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology/American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Specific IgE Test Task Force. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 2008-12, 101 (6): 580–92. PMID 19119701. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60220-7.
↑ Allergy Frequently Asked Questions. www.allergicliving.com. [2020-10-14] （英语）.
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 Sicherer, SH.; Sampson, HA. Food allergy: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.. J Allergy Clin Immunol. Feb 2014, 133 (2): 291–307; quiz 308. PMID 24388012. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.11.020.
↑ Trends in Allergic Conditions Among Children: United States, 1997–2011
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 Allergen Immunotherapy. 2015-04-22 [2015-06-15].
↑ ^16.0 ^16.1 Simons FE. Anaphylaxis: Recent advances in assessment and treatment (PDF). The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2009-10, 124 (4): 625–36; quiz 637–8 [2015-07-13]. PMID 19815109. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.08.025.
↑ Barczok M. Neue Leitlinie zur Allergieprävention: So beraten Sie Ihre Patienten richtig.. MMW - Fortschritte der Medizin. 2015-03, 157 (5): 65–66. doi:10.1007/s15006-015-2828-5.
↑ Allergic Diseases. NIAID. 2015-05-21 [2015-06-20].
↑ Wheatley, LM; Togias, A. Clinical practice. Allergic rhinitis.. The New England journal of medicine. 2015-01-29, 372 (5): 456–63. PMID 25629743.
↑ Thomsen, SF. Atopic dermatitis: natural history, diagnosis, and treatment.. ISRN allergy. 2014, 2014: 354250. PMID 25006501.
↑ Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (PDF). Global Initiative for Asthma: 2–5. 2011 [2015-07-13].
↑ Leslie C. Grammer. Patterson's Allergic Diseases 7. 2012. ISBN 9781451148633.
↑ Anandan C, Nurmatov U, van Schayck OC, Sheikh A. Is the prevalence of asthma declining? Systematic review of epidemiological studies. Allergy. 2010-02, 65 (2): 152–67. PMID 19912154. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02244.x.

外部链接

[Changgeng-1] 過敏反應—對無害物質產生的免疫反應. 长庚生物科技.

[Con2007-2] 2.0 ^2.1 McConnell, Thomas H. The nature of disease : pathology for the health professions. Baltimore, Mar.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2007: 159. ISBN 9780781753173.

[3] Types of Allergic Diseases. NIAID. 2015-05-29 [2015-06-17].

[李巍-4] 李巍. 特应性皮炎与过敏进程. 医学与哲学. 2014, 35 (6B): 12–14.

[5] Environmental Allergies: Symptoms. NIAID. 2015-04-22 [2015-06-19].

[6] Bahna SL. Cow's milk allergy versus cow milk intolerance.. Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. Dec 2002, 89 (6 Suppl 1): 56–60. PMID 12487206. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62124-2.

[NIH2012pdf-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Food Allergy An Overview (pdf). 2012-07.

[vanRee-8] van Ree R, Poulsen LK, Wong GWK, Ballmer-Weber BK, 高中山, 贾旭东. 食物过敏的定义、流行性、诊断及治疗. 中华预防医学杂志. 2015, 49 (1): 87–92. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2015.01.020.

[Kay2000-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Kay AB. Overview of 'allergy and allergic diseases: with a view to the future'. Br. Med. Bull. 2000, 56 (4): 843–64. PMID 11359624. doi:10.1258/0007142001903481.

[10] How Does an Allergic Response Work?. NIAID. 2015-04-21 [2015-06-20].

[Cox2008-11] Cox L, Williams B, Sicherer S, Oppenheimer J, Sher L, Hamilton R, Golden D. Pearls and pitfalls of allergy diagnostic testing: report from the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology/American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Specific IgE Test Task Force. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 2008-12, 101 (6): 580–92. PMID 19119701. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60220-7.

[12] Allergy Frequently Asked Questions. www.allergicliving.com. [2020-10-14] （英语）.

[Sic2014-13] 13.0 ^13.1 Sicherer, SH.; Sampson, HA. Food allergy: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.. J Allergy Clin Immunol. Feb 2014, 133 (2): 291–307; quiz 308. PMID 24388012. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.11.020.

[14] Trends in Allergic Conditions Among Children: United States, 1997–2011

[NIH2015Imm-15] 15.0 ^15.1 Allergen Immunotherapy. 2015-04-22 [2015-06-15].

[Review09-16] 16.0 ^16.1 Simons FE. Anaphylaxis: Recent advances in assessment and treatment (PDF). The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2009-10, 124 (4): 625–36; quiz 637–8 [2015-07-13]. PMID 19815109. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.08.025.

[Barczok-17] Barczok M. Neue Leitlinie zur Allergieprävention: So beraten Sie Ihre Patienten richtig.. MMW - Fortschritte der Medizin. 2015-03, 157 (5): 65–66. doi:10.1007/s15006-015-2828-5.

[18] Allergic Diseases. NIAID. 2015-05-21 [2015-06-20].

[NEJM2015-19] Wheatley, LM; Togias, A. Clinical practice. Allergic rhinitis.. The New England journal of medicine. 2015-01-29, 372 (5): 456–63. PMID 25629743.

[20] Thomsen, SF. Atopic dermatitis: natural history, diagnosis, and treatment.. ISRN allergy. 2014, 2014: 354250. PMID 25006501.

[GINA2011p2-21] Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (PDF). Global Initiative for Asthma: 2–5. 2011 [2015-07-13].

[22] Leslie C. Grammer. Patterson's Allergic Diseases 7. 2012. ISBN 9781451148633.

[23] Anandan C, Nurmatov U, van Schayck OC, Sheikh A. Is the prevalence of asthma declining? Systematic review of epidemiological studies. Allergy. 2010-02, 65 (2): 152–67. PMID 19912154. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02244.x.

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