脑源性神经营养因子

脑源性神经营养因子
	PDB rendering based on 1bnd.
有效结构
PDB	直系同源检索：PDBe, RCSB
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	1B8M, 1BND
标识
代号	BDNF; MGC34632
扩展标识	遗传学：113505 同源基因：7245 GeneCards: BDNF Gene
基因本体论描述
分子功能	· protein binding; · growth factor activity;
细胞成分	· extracellular region; · cytoplasmic membrane-bounded vesicle;
生物过程	· ureteric bud development; · anti-apoptosis; · nervous system development; · negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation; · axon guidance; · axon target recognition; · learning or memory; · feeding behavior; · neuron recognition; · glutamate secretion; · dendrite development; · regulation of metabolic process; · nerve development; · mechanoreceptor differentiation; · response to drug; · fear response; · negative regulation of neuron apoptosis; · positive regulation of neuron differentiation; · regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death; · regulation of synaptic plasticity; · inner ear development;
	Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
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直系同源体
	查; 论; 编;

脑源性神经营养因子（英语：Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor，缩写为BDNF）是人脑中的一种蛋白质，由脑源性神经营养因子基因生成。脑源性神经营养因子是神经营养因子中的一种，这种因子存在于人的神经系统中。 BDNF是大脑中含量最丰富的蛋白质，在脑部可以促进神经元 (神经细胞) 的生长，也促进大脑神经细胞突触的成形。^[1]^[2]简单来说，就是大脑非常需要的营养蛋白质。研究显示，在大脑中掌管记忆的海马回中含有特别丰富的 BDNF ，对于突触的生长以及长期记忆也非常重要。^[3]已经有许多国际研究显示，缺乏 BDNF 将可能造成一些认知功能障碍，例如阿兹海默症^[4]，此为常见的退化性失智症之一。另外，若长期处于压力大或忧郁的状态，也可能会抑制大脑 BDNF 的分泌，影响记忆及认知功能，甚至于导致自律神经失调或海马回萎缩等更严重的问题。

功能

BDNF作用于神经元中的中枢神经系统和周边神经系统，能延长现有的神经元的存活时间，并刺激生成新的神经元和突触。^[1]^[2]在大脑中，它活跃于对学习、记忆和高级思维至关重要的区域：海马体、皮层和前脑基底部。^[5]
BDNF 具备从神经干细胞中生长出新神经元的能力，可以改善长期记忆的能力。^[3]

BDNF的作用

促进脑神经突触传递与发生(Synaptogenesis)^[6]^[7]^[8]

提升神经元的分化(Neurogenesis)：BDNF 在神经的生成中非常重要。许多人体研究证明 BDNF 是神经元分化的强促进剂。^[9]^[10]

改善认知功能(Cognitive Function)^[11]^[12]

疾病关联

研究证实缺乏BDNF容易导致阿兹海默症、^[13]痴呆，^[14]神经性贪食症。^[15]以及精神疾病，例如抑郁症、^[16]^[17]精神分裂症、^[18]强迫症。

促进BDNF生成的食物

1. 咖啡莓果(WCFC Coffee Berry)

咖啡果提取物能使 BDNF 增加 143%^[19]。提高 BDNF，可以改善以下的脑部的功能：

更快速的学习^[20]^[21]：思绪清晰、能量充沛。
改善记忆的能力：BDNF可以刺激海马回记忆中心的脑细胞联结，从而，改善记忆力。^[22]^[23]
延缓脑部退化：BDNF 可以保护脑部神经，延缓脑部退化^[24]^[25]。^[26]BDNF 也可以帮助脑细胞更快地从损伤中恢复。
改善心情与情绪^[27]^[28]^[29]

2. 含有胆碱的磷脂(Choline-Containing Phospholipids)

含有胆碱的磷脂(聪明磷脂)可以提升BDNF，改善脑部的认知功能与脑神经元的再生。^[30]^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34]

延伸阅读

Fawzi MH, Kira IA, Fawzi MM, Mohamed HE, Fawzi MM. Trauma profile in Egyptian adolescents with first-episode schizophrenia: relation to psychopathology and plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 2013-01, 201 (1): 23–9. PMID 23274291. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e31827ab268.
Vaynman S, Gomez-Pinilla F. Revenge of the "sit": how lifestyle impacts neuronal and cognitive health through molecular systems that interface energy metabolism with neuronal plasticity. J. Neurosci. Res. 2006-09, 84 (4): 699–715. PMID 16862541. doi:10.1002/jnr.20979.
van Praag H, Christie BR, Sejnowski TJ, Gage FH. Running enhances neurogenesis, learning, and long-term potentiation in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1999-11, 96 (23): 13427–31. PMC 23964 . PMID 10557337.
Gómez-Pinilla F, Ying Z, Roy RR, Molteni R, Edgerton VR. Voluntary exercise induces a BDNF-mediated mechanism that promotes neuroplasticity. J. Neurophysiol. 2002-11, 88 (5): 2187–95. PMID 12424260. doi:10.1152/jn.00152.2002.

Meerwijk, Esther L., Judith M. Ford, and Sandra J. Weiss. Brain regions associated with psychological pain: implications for a neural network and its relationship to physical pain. Brain imaging and behavior. 2013, 7 (1): 1–14. PMID 12424260. doi:10.1007/s11682-012-9179-y.

参考资料

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Acheson A, Conover JC, Fandl JP, DeChiara TM, Russell M, Thadani A, Squinto SP, Yancopoulos GD, Lindsay RM (March 1995). "A BDNF autocrine loop in adult sensory neurons prevents cell death". Nature. 374 (6521): 450–53. Bibcode:1995Natur.374..450A. doi:10.1038/374450a0. PMID 7700353. S2CID 4316241..
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Huang EJ, Reichardt LF (2001). "Neurotrophins: roles in neuronal development and function". Annual Review of Neuroscience. 24: 677–736. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.677. PMC 2758233. PMID 11520916..
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Bekinschtein P, Cammarota M, Katche C, Slipczuk L, Rossato JI, Goldin A, Izquierdo I, Medina JH (February 2008). "BDNF is essential to promote persistence of long-term memory storage". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (7): 2711–16. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.2711B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0711863105. PMC 2268201. PMID 18263738..
↑ Mattson MP (November 2008). "Glutamate and neurotrophic factors in neuronal plasticity and disease". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1144 (1): 97–112. Bibcode:2008NYASA1144...97M. doi:10.1196/annals.1418.005. PMC 2614307. PMID 19076369..
↑ Yamada K, Nabeshima T (April 2003). "Brain-derived neurotrophic factor/TrkB signaling in memory processes". Journal of Pharmacological Sciences. 91 (4): 267–70. doi:10.1254/jphs.91.267. PMID 12719654..
↑ Bednarek E, Caroni P (March 2011). "β-Adducin is required for stable assembly of new synapses and improved memory upon environmental enrichment". Neuron. 69 (6): 1132–46. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.02.034. PMID 21435558. S2CID 15373477..
↑ Matsuoka Y, Li X, Bennett V (June 2000). "Adducin: structure, function and regulation". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 57(6): 884–95. doi:10.1007/pl00000731. PMID 10950304. S2CID 29317393..
↑ Stevens RJ, Littleton JT (May 2011). "Synaptic growth: dancing with adducin". Current Biology. 21 (10): R402–5. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.04.020. hdl:1721.1/92025. PMID 21601803. S2CID 3182599..
↑ Bartkowska K, Paquin A, Gauthier AS, Kaplan DR, Miller FD (December 2007). "Trk signaling regulates neural precursor cell proliferation and differentiation during cortical development". Development. 134 (24): 4369–80. doi:10.1242/dev.008227. PMID 18003743..
↑ Bath KG, Akins MR, Lee FS (September 2012). "BDNF control of adult SVZ neurogenesis". Developmental Psychobiology. 54(6): 578–89. doi:10.1002/dev.20546. PMC 3139728. PMID 21432850..
↑ van Praag H, Kempermann G, Gage FH (December 2000). "Neural consequences of environmental enrichment". Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 1 (3): 191–98. doi:10.1038/35044558. PMID 11257907. S2CID 9750498..
↑ Zhong L, Yan CH, Lu CQ, Xu J, Huang H, Shen XM (September 2009). "Calmodulin activation is required for the enhancement of hippocampal neurogenesis following environmental enrichment". Neurological Research. 31 (7): 707–13. doi:10.1179/174313209X380856. PMID 19055875. S2CID 43673092..
↑ Zuccato C, Cattaneo E (June 2009). "Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in neurodegenerative diseases". Nature Reviews. Neurology. 5 (6): 311–22. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.54. PMID 19498435. S2CID 30782827..
↑ Arancio O, Chao MV (June 2007). "Neurotrophins, synaptic plasticity and dementia". Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 17 (3): 325–30. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2007.03.013. PMID 17419049. S2CID 22776264..
↑ Kaplan AS, Levitan RD, Yilmaz Z, Davis C, Tharmalingam S, Kennedy JL (January 2008). "A DRD4/BDNF gene-gene interaction associated with maximum BMI in women with bulimia nervosa". The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 41 (1): 22–28. doi:10.1002/eat.20474. PMID 17922530..
↑ Dwivedi Y (2009). "Brain-derived neurotrophic factor: role in depression and suicide". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 5: 433–49. doi:10.2147/ndt.s5700. PMC 2732010. PMID 19721723..
↑ Brunoni AR, Lopes M, Fregni F (December 2008). "A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies on major depression and BDNF levels: implications for the role of neuroplasticity in depression". The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 11 (8): 1169–80. doi:10.1017/S1461145708009309. PMID 18752720..
↑ Xiu MH, Hui L, Dang YF, Hou TD, Zhang CX, Zheng YL, Chen DC, Kosten TR, Zhang XY (November 2009). "Decreased serum BDNF levels in chronic institutionalized schizophrenia on long-term treatment with typical and atypical antipsychotics". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 33 (8): 1508–12. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.08.011. PMID 19720106. S2CID 43300334..
↑ Reyes-Izquierdo T, Nemzer B, Shu C, Huynh L, Argumedo R, Keller R, Pietrzkowski Z. “Modulatory effect of coffee fruit extract on plasma levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in healthy subjects.“ Br J Nutr. 2013 Aug 28;110(3):420-5. doi: 10.1017/S0007114512005338. Epub 2013 Jan 14. PMID: 23312069..
↑ Brigadski, T., Leßmann, V. BDNF: a regulator of learning and memory processes with clinical potential. e-Neuroforum 5, 1–11 (2014).doi:10.1007/s13295-014-0053-9.
↑ Bathina S, Das UN. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its clinical implications. Arch Med Sci. 2015;11(6):1164-1178. doi:10.5114/aoms.2015.56342.
↑ Brigadski, T., Leßmann, V. BDNF: a regulator of learning and memory processes with clinical potential. e-Neuroforum 5, 1–11 (2014). doi:10.1007/s13295-014-0053-9.
↑ Bekinschtein P, Cammarota M, Izquierdo I, Medina JH. BDNF and memory formation and storage. Neuroscientist. 2008 Apr;14(2):147-56. doi: 10.1177/1073858407305850. Epub 2007 Oct 2. PMID: 17911219..
↑ Zhao H, Alam A, San CY, Eguchi S, Chen Q, Lian Q, Ma D. Molecular mechanisms of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in neuro-protection: Recent developments. Brain Res. 2017 Jun 15;1665:1-21. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.03.029. Epub 2017 Apr 7. PMID: 28396009..
↑ Kim JH. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor exerts neuroprotective actions against amyloid β-induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. Exp Ther Med. 2014;8(6):1891-1895. doi:10.3892/etm.2014.2033..
↑ Almeida RD, Manadas BJ, Melo CV, Gomes JR, Mendes CS, Grãos MM, Carvalho RF, Carvalho AP, Duarte CB. Neuroprotection by BDNF against glutamate-induced apoptotic cell death is mediated by ERK and PI3-kinase pathways. Cell Death Differ. 2005 Oct;12(10):1329-43. doi: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401662. PMID: 15905876..
↑ Yu H, Chen ZY. The role of BDNF in depression on the basis of its location in the neural circuitry. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2011 Jan;32(1):3-11. doi: 10.1038/aps.2010.184. Epub 2010 Dec 6. PMID: 21131999; PMCID: PMC4003317..
↑ Duman RS, Monteggia LM. A neurotrophic model for stress-related mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2006 Jun 15;59(12):1116-27. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.02.013. Epub 2006 Apr 21. PMID: 16631126..
↑ Sen S, Duman R, Sanacora G. Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor, depression, and antidepressant medications: meta-analyses and implications. Biol Psychiatry. 2008;64(6):527-532. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.05.005.
↑ Hyo Jeong Yu, Min Jung Kim, Jung Mee Park, So Young Park, Shi Nae Park, Dong Won Yang.The Effect of Choline Alphoscerate on Non spatial memory and Neurogenesis in a Rat Model of Dual Stress bioRxiv 2020.06.16.154310; doi: 10.1101/2020.06.16.154310.
↑ Catanesi M, d'Angelo M, Antonosante A, Castelli V, Alfonsetti M, Benedetti E, Desideri G, Ferri C, Cimini A. Neuroprotective potential of choline alfoscerate against β-amyloid injury: Involvement of neurotrophic signals. Cell Biol Int. 2020 Aug;44(8):1734-1744. doi: 10.1002/cbin.11369. Epub 2020 May 6. PMID: 32343461..
↑ Scholey, A.B., Camfield, D.A., Hughes, M.E. et al. A randomized controlled trial investigating the neurocognitive effects of Lacprodan® PL-20, a phospholipid-rich milk protein concentrate, in elderly participants with age-associated memory impairment: the Phospholipid Intervention for Cognitive Ageing Reversal (PLICAR): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 14, 404 (2013). doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-404.
↑ Tran, P.V.; Kennedy, B.C.; Lien, Y.-C.; Simmons, R.A.; Georgieff, M.K. Fetal Iron Deficiency Induces Chromatin Remodeling at the Bdnf Locus in Adult Rat Hippocampus. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2015, 308, 276–282..
↑ Tayebati SK. Phospholipid and Lipid Derivatives as Potential Neuroprotective Compounds. Molecules. 2018;23(9):2257. Published 2018 Sep 5. doi:10.3390/molecules23092257.

外部链接

Cotman CW, Berchtold NC. BDNF and Alzheimer's Disease—What's the Connection?. Alzforum: Live Discussions. Alzheimer Research Forum. 2004-01-28 [2008-08-21].
Patten-Hitt E. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). Sciencexpress. The HDLighthouse, Huntingtons Disease: Information and Community. 2001-06-14 [2008-08-21].
Highfield R. Brain scans 'could reveal mental strength'. Science. Telegraph.co.uk. 2007-10-18 [2008-08-21]. Low BDNF activity promotes resilience

Template:Nerve growth factor family

[自动生成1-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Acheson A, Conover JC, Fandl JP, DeChiara TM, Russell M, Thadani A, Squinto SP, Yancopoulos GD, Lindsay RM (March 1995). "A BDNF autocrine loop in adult sensory neurons prevents cell death". Nature. 374 (6521): 450–53. Bibcode:1995Natur.374..450A. doi:10.1038/374450a0. PMID 7700353. S2CID 4316241..

[自动生成2-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Huang EJ, Reichardt LF (2001). "Neurotrophins: roles in neuronal development and function". Annual Review of Neuroscience. 24: 677–736. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.677. PMC 2758233. PMID 11520916..

[自动生成3-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Bekinschtein P, Cammarota M, Katche C, Slipczuk L, Rossato JI, Goldin A, Izquierdo I, Medina JH (February 2008). "BDNF is essential to promote persistence of long-term memory storage". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (7): 2711–16. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.2711B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0711863105. PMC 2268201. PMID 18263738..

[4] Mattson MP (November 2008). "Glutamate and neurotrophic factors in neuronal plasticity and disease". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1144 (1): 97–112. Bibcode:2008NYASA1144...97M. doi:10.1196/annals.1418.005. PMC 2614307. PMID 19076369..

[5] Yamada K, Nabeshima T (April 2003). "Brain-derived neurotrophic factor/TrkB signaling in memory processes". Journal of Pharmacological Sciences. 91 (4): 267–70. doi:10.1254/jphs.91.267. PMID 12719654..

[6] Bednarek E, Caroni P (March 2011). "β-Adducin is required for stable assembly of new synapses and improved memory upon environmental enrichment". Neuron. 69 (6): 1132–46. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.02.034. PMID 21435558. S2CID 15373477..

[7] Matsuoka Y, Li X, Bennett V (June 2000). "Adducin: structure, function and regulation". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 57(6): 884–95. doi:10.1007/pl00000731. PMID 10950304. S2CID 29317393..

[8] Stevens RJ, Littleton JT (May 2011). "Synaptic growth: dancing with adducin". Current Biology. 21 (10): R402–5. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.04.020. hdl:1721.1/92025. PMID 21601803. S2CID 3182599..

[9] Bartkowska K, Paquin A, Gauthier AS, Kaplan DR, Miller FD (December 2007). "Trk signaling regulates neural precursor cell proliferation and differentiation during cortical development". Development. 134 (24): 4369–80. doi:10.1242/dev.008227. PMID 18003743..

[10] Bath KG, Akins MR, Lee FS (September 2012). "BDNF control of adult SVZ neurogenesis". Developmental Psychobiology. 54(6): 578–89. doi:10.1002/dev.20546. PMC 3139728. PMID 21432850..

[11] van Praag H, Kempermann G, Gage FH (December 2000). "Neural consequences of environmental enrichment". Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 1 (3): 191–98. doi:10.1038/35044558. PMID 11257907. S2CID 9750498..

[12] Zhong L, Yan CH, Lu CQ, Xu J, Huang H, Shen XM (September 2009). "Calmodulin activation is required for the enhancement of hippocampal neurogenesis following environmental enrichment". Neurological Research. 31 (7): 707–13. doi:10.1179/174313209X380856. PMID 19055875. S2CID 43673092..

[13] Zuccato C, Cattaneo E (June 2009). "Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in neurodegenerative diseases". Nature Reviews. Neurology. 5 (6): 311–22. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.54. PMID 19498435. S2CID 30782827..

[14] Arancio O, Chao MV (June 2007). "Neurotrophins, synaptic plasticity and dementia". Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 17 (3): 325–30. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2007.03.013. PMID 17419049. S2CID 22776264..

[15] Kaplan AS, Levitan RD, Yilmaz Z, Davis C, Tharmalingam S, Kennedy JL (January 2008). "A DRD4/BDNF gene-gene interaction associated with maximum BMI in women with bulimia nervosa". The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 41 (1): 22–28. doi:10.1002/eat.20474. PMID 17922530..

[16] Dwivedi Y (2009). "Brain-derived neurotrophic factor: role in depression and suicide". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 5: 433–49. doi:10.2147/ndt.s5700. PMC 2732010. PMID 19721723..

[17] Brunoni AR, Lopes M, Fregni F (December 2008). "A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies on major depression and BDNF levels: implications for the role of neuroplasticity in depression". The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 11 (8): 1169–80. doi:10.1017/S1461145708009309. PMID 18752720..

[18] Xiu MH, Hui L, Dang YF, Hou TD, Zhang CX, Zheng YL, Chen DC, Kosten TR, Zhang XY (November 2009). "Decreased serum BDNF levels in chronic institutionalized schizophrenia on long-term treatment with typical and atypical antipsychotics". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 33 (8): 1508–12. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.08.011. PMID 19720106. S2CID 43300334..

[19] Reyes-Izquierdo T, Nemzer B, Shu C, Huynh L, Argumedo R, Keller R, Pietrzkowski Z. “Modulatory effect of coffee fruit extract on plasma levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in healthy subjects.“ Br J Nutr. 2013 Aug 28;110(3):420-5. doi: 10.1017/S0007114512005338. Epub 2013 Jan 14. PMID: 23312069..

[20] Brigadski, T., Leßmann, V. BDNF: a regulator of learning and memory processes with clinical potential. e-Neuroforum 5, 1–11 (2014).doi:10.1007/s13295-014-0053-9.

[21] Bathina S, Das UN. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its clinical implications. Arch Med Sci. 2015;11(6):1164-1178. doi:10.5114/aoms.2015.56342.

[22] Brigadski, T., Leßmann, V. BDNF: a regulator of learning and memory processes with clinical potential. e-Neuroforum 5, 1–11 (2014). doi:10.1007/s13295-014-0053-9.

[23] Bekinschtein P, Cammarota M, Izquierdo I, Medina JH. BDNF and memory formation and storage. Neuroscientist. 2008 Apr;14(2):147-56. doi: 10.1177/1073858407305850. Epub 2007 Oct 2. PMID: 17911219..

[24] Zhao H, Alam A, San CY, Eguchi S, Chen Q, Lian Q, Ma D. Molecular mechanisms of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in neuro-protection: Recent developments. Brain Res. 2017 Jun 15;1665:1-21. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.03.029. Epub 2017 Apr 7. PMID: 28396009..

[25] Kim JH. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor exerts neuroprotective actions against amyloid β-induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. Exp Ther Med. 2014;8(6):1891-1895. doi:10.3892/etm.2014.2033..

[26] Almeida RD, Manadas BJ, Melo CV, Gomes JR, Mendes CS, Grãos MM, Carvalho RF, Carvalho AP, Duarte CB. Neuroprotection by BDNF against glutamate-induced apoptotic cell death is mediated by ERK and PI3-kinase pathways. Cell Death Differ. 2005 Oct;12(10):1329-43. doi: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401662. PMID: 15905876..

[27] Yu H, Chen ZY. The role of BDNF in depression on the basis of its location in the neural circuitry. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2011 Jan;32(1):3-11. doi: 10.1038/aps.2010.184. Epub 2010 Dec 6. PMID: 21131999; PMCID: PMC4003317..

[28] Duman RS, Monteggia LM. A neurotrophic model for stress-related mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2006 Jun 15;59(12):1116-27. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.02.013. Epub 2006 Apr 21. PMID: 16631126..

[29] Sen S, Duman R, Sanacora G. Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor, depression, and antidepressant medications: meta-analyses and implications. Biol Psychiatry. 2008;64(6):527-532. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.05.005.

[30] Hyo Jeong Yu, Min Jung Kim, Jung Mee Park, So Young Park, Shi Nae Park, Dong Won Yang.The Effect of Choline Alphoscerate on Non spatial memory and Neurogenesis in a Rat Model of Dual Stress bioRxiv 2020.06.16.154310; doi: 10.1101/2020.06.16.154310.

[31] Catanesi M, d'Angelo M, Antonosante A, Castelli V, Alfonsetti M, Benedetti E, Desideri G, Ferri C, Cimini A. Neuroprotective potential of choline alfoscerate against β-amyloid injury: Involvement of neurotrophic signals. Cell Biol Int. 2020 Aug;44(8):1734-1744. doi: 10.1002/cbin.11369. Epub 2020 May 6. PMID: 32343461..

[32] Scholey, A.B., Camfield, D.A., Hughes, M.E. et al. A randomized controlled trial investigating the neurocognitive effects of Lacprodan® PL-20, a phospholipid-rich milk protein concentrate, in elderly participants with age-associated memory impairment: the Phospholipid Intervention for Cognitive Ageing Reversal (PLICAR): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 14, 404 (2013). doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-404.

[33] Tran, P.V.; Kennedy, B.C.; Lien, Y.-C.; Simmons, R.A.; Georgieff, M.K. Fetal Iron Deficiency Induces Chromatin Remodeling at the Bdnf Locus in Adult Rat Hippocampus. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2015, 308, 276–282..

[34] Tayebati SK. Phospholipid and Lipid Derivatives as Potential Neuroprotective Compounds. Molecules. 2018;23(9):2257. Published 2018 Sep 5. doi:10.3390/molecules23092257.

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