特拉托阿尼

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阿茲特克帝國特拉托阿尼
標誌
詳情
尊稱大特拉托阿尼(古典納瓦特爾語:Huēyi tlahtoāni,意為「偉大的君主」)
開國君主阿卡馬皮奇特利
末代君主庫瓦赫特莫克
建立約1376年
終結1521年

特拉托阿尼古典納瓦特爾語tlahtoāni 發音:[t͡ɬaʔtoˈaːni] 關於這個音頻文件 聆聽,意為「發言者、統治者」)為前哥倫布時期時,對阿茲特克帝國城邦統治者的納瓦特爾語稱謂,在其他語言中可將其譯作君主[1]女性則用西瓦特拉托阿尼Cihuātlahtoāni,意為「女王」)稱呼之[2]。此外,夸烏特拉托阿尼(英語:Cuauhtlatoani,「明智的首領」)指在阿茲特克帝國尚未建立時便已定居在此的墨西加人首領,或殖民時期阿茲特克帝國統治者。部分情況下,特拉托阿尼專指帝國首都特諾奇蒂特蘭的統治者。

特拉托阿尼的領土被稱為特拉托卡特拉利(古典納瓦特爾語:Tlahtohcātlālli)[3],其住所被稱為特拉托卡卡利(古典納瓦特爾語:Tlahtohcācalli)。[3]

阿茲特克帝國的每一座城邦都有自己的統治者,兼握其城邦的政教大權,並被視為城邦的最高指揮官。特拉托阿尼通常由皇室子弟世襲登上王位,但也存在通過選舉當上統治者的個例。[4]選舉者為一個類似議會的團體,通常由長者、貴族與祭司組成。

阿茲特克帝國歷代特拉托阿尼

末任特拉托阿尼庫瓦赫特莫克

阿茲特克帝國共有11位特拉托阿尼(此處專指特諾奇蒂特蘭之統治者)。

相關條目

引注

  1. Lockhart (2001, p.238); Schroeder (2007, p.3). See also the entry for "TLAHTOANI" , in Wimmer (2006)
  2. Schroeder (2007, pp.3–4). See also the entry for "CIHUATLAHTOANI" in Wimmer (2006).
  3. 3.0 3.1 Nahuatl dictionary (1997). Wired humanities project. Retrieved January 1, 2012, from link
  4. pre-Columbian civilizations. Encyclopedia Britannica. [2017-05-22] (英語). 

參考文獻

  • Berdan, Frances F.; Richard E. Blanton; Elizabeth Hill Boone; Mary G. Hodge; Michael E. Smith; Emily Umberger. Aztec Imperial Strategies. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. 1996. ISBN 0-88402-211-0. OCLC 27035231. 
  • Gibson, Charles. The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule: A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico, 1519–1810 Reprinted 1976. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1964. ISBN 0-8047-0196-2. OCLC 190295. 
  • Lockhart, James. Nahuatl as Written: Lessons in Older Written Nahuatl, with Copious Examples and Texts. UCLA Latin American studies, vol. 88; Nahuatl studies series, no. 6. Stanford and Los Angeles: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Center Publications. 2001. ISBN 0-8047-4282-0. OCLC 46858459.  (英文) (納瓦特爾文)
  • Schroeder, Susan. Chimalpahin and the Kingdoms of Chalco. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1991. ISBN 0-8165-1182-9. OCLC 21976206. 
  • Schroeder, Susan. The Annals of Chimalpahin. James Lockhart; Lisa Sousa; Stephanie Wood (編). Sources and Methods for the Study of Postconquest Mesoamerican Ethnohistory (PDF e-book online publication) Provisional version. Eugene: University of Oregon Wired Humanities Project. 2007 [2008-05-16]. 
  • Wimmer, Alexis. Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl classique (online version, incorporating reproductions from Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl ou mexicaine [1885], by Rémi Siméon). 2006.  (法文) (納瓦特爾文)
  • Barbara A. Somervill. Great Empires of the Past: Empire of the Aztecs. New York: Chelsa House, 2010.
  • Carrasco, David. Daily Life of The Aztecs: People of the Sun and Earth. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1998.
  • Carrasco, D. 1998, 139.
  • Sahagun, Bernardino de. Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain. Translated and edited by Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble. 13 vols. Santa Fe: School of American Research, and University of Utah, 1950-1982.
  • Sahagun, Florentine Codex, VIII: 52.
  • Somervill, B. 2010, 78.