特拉托阿尼

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阿兹特克帝国特拉托阿尼
标志
详情
尊称大特拉托阿尼(古典纳瓦特尔语:Huēyi tlahtoāni,意为“伟大的君主”)
开国君主阿卡马皮奇特利
末代君主库瓦赫特莫克
建立约1376年
终结1521年

特拉托阿尼古典纳瓦特尔语tlahtoāni 发音:[t͡ɬaʔtoˈaːni] 关于这个音频文件 聆听,意为“发言者、统治者”)为前哥伦布时期时,对阿兹特克帝国城邦统治者的纳瓦特尔语称谓,在其他语言中可将其译作君主[1]女性则用西瓦特拉托阿尼Cihuātlahtoāni,意为“女王”)称呼之[2]。此外,夸乌特拉托阿尼(英语:Cuauhtlatoani,“明智的首领”)指在阿兹特克帝国尚未建立时便已定居在此的墨西加人首领,或殖民时期阿兹特克帝国统治者。部分情况下,特拉托阿尼专指帝国首都特诺奇蒂特兰的统治者。

特拉托阿尼的领土被称为特拉托卡特拉利(古典纳瓦特尔语:Tlahtohcātlālli)[3],其住所被称为特拉托卡卡利(古典纳瓦特尔语:Tlahtohcācalli)。[3]

阿兹特克帝国的每一座城邦都有自己的统治者,兼握其城邦的政教大权,并被视为城邦的最高指挥官。特拉托阿尼通常由皇室子弟世袭登上王位,但也存在通过选举当上统治者的个例。[4]选举者为一个类似议会的团体,通常由长者、贵族与祭司组成。

阿兹特克帝国历代特拉托阿尼

末任特拉托阿尼库瓦赫特莫克

阿兹特克帝国共有11位特拉托阿尼(此处专指特诺奇蒂特兰之统治者)。

相关条目

引注

  1. Lockhart (2001, p.238); Schroeder (2007, p.3). See also the entry for "TLAHTOANI" , in Wimmer (2006)
  2. Schroeder (2007, pp.3–4). See also the entry for "CIHUATLAHTOANI" in Wimmer (2006).
  3. 3.0 3.1 Nahuatl dictionary (1997). Wired humanities project. Retrieved January 1, 2012, from link
  4. pre-Columbian civilizations. Encyclopedia Britannica. [2017-05-22] (英语). 

参考文献

  • Berdan, Frances F.; Richard E. Blanton; Elizabeth Hill Boone; Mary G. Hodge; Michael E. Smith; Emily Umberger. Aztec Imperial Strategies. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. 1996. ISBN 0-88402-211-0. OCLC 27035231. 
  • Gibson, Charles. The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule: A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico, 1519–1810 Reprinted 1976. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1964. ISBN 0-8047-0196-2. OCLC 190295. 
  • Lockhart, James. Nahuatl as Written: Lessons in Older Written Nahuatl, with Copious Examples and Texts. UCLA Latin American studies, vol. 88; Nahuatl studies series, no. 6. Stanford and Los Angeles: Stanford University Press and UCLA Latin American Center Publications. 2001. ISBN 0-8047-4282-0. OCLC 46858459.  (英文) (纳瓦特尔文)
  • Schroeder, Susan. Chimalpahin and the Kingdoms of Chalco. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1991. ISBN 0-8165-1182-9. OCLC 21976206. 
  • Schroeder, Susan. The Annals of Chimalpahin. James Lockhart; Lisa Sousa; Stephanie Wood (编). Sources and Methods for the Study of Postconquest Mesoamerican Ethnohistory (PDF e-book online publication) Provisional version. Eugene: University of Oregon Wired Humanities Project. 2007 [2008-05-16]. 
  • Wimmer, Alexis. Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl classique (online version, incorporating reproductions from Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl ou mexicaine [1885], by Rémi Siméon). 2006.  (法文) (纳瓦特尔文)
  • Barbara A. Somervill. Great Empires of the Past: Empire of the Aztecs. New York: Chelsa House, 2010.
  • Carrasco, David. Daily Life of The Aztecs: People of the Sun and Earth. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1998.
  • Carrasco, D. 1998, 139.
  • Sahagun, Bernardino de. Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain. Translated and edited by Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble. 13 vols. Santa Fe: School of American Research, and University of Utah, 1950-1982.
  • Sahagun, Florentine Codex, VIII: 52.
  • Somervill, B. 2010, 78.