歷史修正主義

歷史修正主義（英語：historical revisionism）在歷史編纂學中是指根據以往被忽略的證據，重新解讀主流的歷史觀點。它通常意味挑戰被專業學者所持有的對一個歷史事件的傳統觀點，或引入新證據，或重新陳述參與人的動機和決策。

在不嚴謹的語境下，歷史否定主義有時會也被誤稱為歷史修正主義，但這在是有不同意義的學術名詞。

原因

新的證據可能推翻舊有的解讀，包括新發現的史料、新開放的機密文件、或是新的研究方法（例如古老DNA、放射性定年法）。

另一個主要原因是意識形態，例如民族主義會讓人們從自己國家的角度來看待歷史事件，或是多元主義讓歷史學家用新的角度來看待傳統以希臘、羅馬、或漢族為中心的歷史。

例子

黑暗時代

歐洲歷史中的黑暗時代以往被認為是羅馬帝國衰落、造成歐洲文明崩壞的時代，「黑暗」這個描述是與「光明」相對，帶有負面的意味。然而，這些只是義大利跟高盧（今法國人）的觀點，隨著越來越多非拉丁文的史料出土，歷史學家開始認知到在這個時代的凱爾特、日耳曼、斯拉夫等文明都非常活躍，不亞於其他時代，原本看似「沒有文化」的現象只是因為歷史學家手上沒拿到史料造成的錯覺。許多現代歷史學家不再使用這個詞。^[1]^[2]

封建制度

1974年美國歷史學家布朗質疑馬克斯主義者提出的所謂「封建制度」在各地都不一樣，當時也沒有這個詞，尤其之後還用到歷史發展獨立於歐洲的地方（例如日本），把這些本質上並不相同的東西通稱為「封建」、當作類似的東西並不合適^[3]^[4]。現代西方歷史學課本以及日本歷史學家都很少再提封建制度^[5]^[6]。

地理大發現

歐洲人「發現」的土地大多本來就已經有人居住，在澳洲的歐洲後裔作為殖民者，終於在20世紀後半開始重視原住民人權與道歉，並在教育作品中修正觀點。

參考資料

↑ Snyder, Christopher A. An Age of Tyrants: Britain and the Britons A.D. 400–600. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. 1998: xiii–xiv1998. ISBN 0-271-01780-5. , for example. This work contains over 100 pages of footnoted citations to source material and bibliographic references (pp. 263–387). In explaining his approach to writing the work, he refers to the "so-called Dark Ages", noting that "Historians and archaeologists have never liked the label Dark Ages ... there are numerous indicators that these centuries were neither "dark" nor "barbarous" in comparison with other eras."
↑ Jordan, Chester William (2004). Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Supplement 1. Verdun, Kathleen, "Medievalism" pp. 389–397. Sections 'Victorian Medievalism', 'Nineteenth-Century Europe', 'Medievalism in America 1500–1900', 'The 20th Century'. Same volume, Freedman, Paul, "Medieval Studies", pp. 383–389.
↑ Brown, Elizabeth A. R. The Tyranny of a Construct: Feudalism and Historians of Medieval Europe. The American Historical Review. October 1974, 79 (4): 1063–88. JSTOR 1869563. doi:10.2307/1869563.
↑ Hall, John Whitney. Feudalism in Japan-A Reassessment. Comparative Studies in Society and History. 1962, 5 (1): 15–51. JSTOR 177767. doi:10.1017/S001041750000150X.
↑ Karl Friday, "The Futile Paradigm: In Quest of Feudalism in Early Medieval Japan," History Compass 8.2 (2010): 179–196.
↑ Richard Abels, "The Historiography of a Construct: 'Feudalism' and the Medieval Historian." History Compass (2009) 7#3 pp: 1008–1031.

[1] Snyder, Christopher A. An Age of Tyrants: Britain and the Britons A.D. 400–600. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. 1998: xiii–xiv1998. ISBN 0-271-01780-5. , for example. This work contains over 100 pages of footnoted citations to source material and bibliographic references (pp. 263–387). In explaining his approach to writing the work, he refers to the "so-called Dark Ages", noting that "Historians and archaeologists have never liked the label Dark Ages ... there are numerous indicators that these centuries were neither "dark" nor "barbarous" in comparison with other eras."

[dmas-2] Jordan, Chester William (2004). Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Supplement 1. Verdun, Kathleen, "Medievalism" pp. 389–397. Sections 'Victorian Medievalism', 'Nineteenth-Century Europe', 'Medievalism in America 1500–1900', 'The 20th Century'. Same volume, Freedman, Paul, "Medieval Studies", pp. 383–389.

[ebrown-3] Brown, Elizabeth A. R. The Tyranny of a Construct: Feudalism and Historians of Medieval Europe. The American Historical Review. October 1974, 79 (4): 1063–88. JSTOR 1869563. doi:10.2307/1869563.

[4] Hall, John Whitney. Feudalism in Japan-A Reassessment. Comparative Studies in Society and History. 1962, 5 (1): 15–51. JSTOR 177767. doi:10.1017/S001041750000150X.

[5] Karl Friday, "The Futile Paradigm: In Quest of Feudalism in Early Medieval Japan," History Compass 8.2 (2010): 179–196.

[6] Richard Abels, "The Historiography of a Construct: 'Feudalism' and the Medieval Historian." History Compass (2009) 7#3 pp: 1008–1031.

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