乳果糖

**乳果糖**
系统（IUPAC）命名名称
	4-O-β-D-Galactopyranosyl-β-D-fructofuranose; OR; (2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-((2R,3S,4S,5R)-4,5-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl) tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol
临床数据
读音	/ˈlæktjʊloʊz/
商品名	杜密克、Cholac、Generlac、Consulose 等
Drugs.com	Monograph
MedlinePlus	a682338
妊娠分级	US: B (非人类研究中表明无风险) ; ;
给药途径	口服
合法状态
合法状态	UK: 药房药品 ;
药代动力学数据
生物利用度	吸收率低
代谢	100%在结肠内被肠道细菌代谢
开始出现药效	8至48小时
生物半衰期	1.7-2 小时
排泄	粪便
识别信息
CAS注册号	4618-18-2
ATC代码	A06AD11
PubChem	CID 11333
DrugBank	DB00581
ChemSpider	10856
UNII	9U7D5QH5AE
KEGG	D00352
ChEBI	CHEBI:6359
ChEMBL	CHEMBL296306
化学信息
化学式	C12H22O11
摩尔质量	342.296 g/mol
	SMILES O[C@H]2[C@H](O[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O)[C@H](O[C@]2(O)CO)CO; ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C12H22O11/c13-1-4-6(16)7(17)8(18)11(21-4)22-9-5(2-14)23-12(20,3-15)10(9)19/h4-11,13-20H,1-3H2/t4-,5-,6+,7+,8-,9-,10+,11+,12-/m1/s1 ; Key:JCQLYHFGKNRPGE-FCVZTGTOSA-N ;

乳果糖（英语：Lactulose）是一种不会被吸收的糖，用来治疗便秘和高血氨症^[3]^[4]。当治疗便秘时须以口服给药，治疗肝性脑病时则可以口服或直肠给药^[3]。乳果糖通常在口服8-12小时后起效，但是治疗便秘时则可能需要2天的时间^[1]^[2]。

乳果糖常见的副作用包含腹胀和腹部绞痛。本品也可能导致电解质平衡问题，进而引发腹泻。目前没有证据表明妊娠期间用药对胎儿有影响^[3]，哺乳期间用药也被认为是安全的^[5]。本品被分类为渗透通便的药物^[6]。

乳果糖最早于1929年被首次合成，1950年代后开始用于药疗用途^[7]^[8]。本品列名于世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单，为基础公卫体系必备药物之一^[9]。乳果糖为学名药^[4]，每剂批发价约 0.18 美金^[10]，在美国30剂液剂约值20美金^[3]。本品由乳糖制成^[11]。

参考文献

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Goldman, edited by Ann; Hain, Richard; Liben, Stephen. Oxford textbook of palliative care for children 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2006: 352. ISBN 9780198526537.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Helms, Richard A. Textbook of therapeutics : drug and disease management 8. Philadelphia, Pa. [u.a.]: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006: 1310. ISBN 9780781757348.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Lactulose. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [Aug 11, 2015].
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Hamilton, Richard J. Tarascon pocket pharmacopoeia : 2013 classic shirt-pocket edition 27. Burlington, Ma.: Jones & Bartlett Learning. 2013: 191. ISBN 9781449665869.
↑ Jones, Wendy. Breastfeeding and Medication. Routledge. 2013: 127. ISBN 9781136178153.
↑ Whitlow, Charles. Improved Outcomes in Colon and Rectal Surgery.. New York: Informa Healthcare. 2009: 366. ISBN 9781420071535.
↑ McSweeney, P.L.H.; Fox, P.F. Advanced dairy chemistry. 3rd. New York: Springer-Verlag. 2009: 236. ISBN 9780387848655.
↑ Schumann, C. Medical, nutritional and technological properties of lactulose. An update.. European journal of nutrition. November 2002,. 41 Suppl 1: I17–25. PMID 12420112. doi:10.1007/s00394-002-1103-6.
↑ 19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2015) (PDF). WHO. April 2015 [May 10, 2015].
↑ Lactulose. International Drug Price Indicator Guide. [11 August 2015]. ^{[永久失效链接]}
↑ Kuntz, Hans-Dieter. Hepatology textbook and atlas : history, morphology, biochemistry, diagnostics, clinic, therapy 3. Heidelberg: Springer. 2008: 887. ISBN 9783540768395.

[Gold2006-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Goldman, edited by Ann; Hain, Richard; Liben, Stephen. Oxford textbook of palliative care for children 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2006: 352. ISBN 9780198526537.

[Helm2006-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Helms, Richard A. Textbook of therapeutics : drug and disease management 8. Philadelphia, Pa. [u.a.]: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006: 1310. ISBN 9780781757348.

[AHFS2015-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Lactulose. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [Aug 11, 2015].

[Ham2013-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Hamilton, Richard J. Tarascon pocket pharmacopoeia : 2013 classic shirt-pocket edition 27. Burlington, Ma.: Jones & Bartlett Learning. 2013: 191. ISBN 9781449665869.

[Jones2013-5] Jones, Wendy. Breastfeeding and Medication. Routledge. 2013: 127. ISBN 9781136178153.

[6] Whitlow, Charles. Improved Outcomes in Colon and Rectal Surgery.. New York: Informa Healthcare. 2009: 366. ISBN 9781420071535.

[7] McSweeney, P.L.H.; Fox, P.F. Advanced dairy chemistry. 3rd. New York: Springer-Verlag. 2009: 236. ISBN 9780387848655.

[8] Schumann, C. Medical, nutritional and technological properties of lactulose. An update.. European journal of nutrition. November 2002,. 41 Suppl 1: I17–25. PMID 12420112. doi:10.1007/s00394-002-1103-6.

[WHO2015E-9] 19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2015) (PDF). WHO. April 2015 [May 10, 2015].

[Lactulose-10] Lactulose. International Drug Price Indicator Guide. [11 August 2015]. ^{[永久失效链接]}

[11] Kuntz, Hans-Dieter. Hepatology textbook and atlas : history, morphology, biochemistry, diagnostics, clinic, therapy 3. Heidelberg: Springer. 2008: 887. ISBN 9783540768395.

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