中等强国

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中等强国（英语：Middle power）是一个于国际关系中使用的一个词。中等强国是用来描述一些并非超级大国或列强，但在国际上有一定影响力的国家。国际社会仍未对中等强国的定义有共识。

定义

中等强国并没有统一的定义。某些研究人员以GNP来划分中等强国。在经济方面来说，中等强国普遍上是指国家的经济体系不大，但也不小。但是，经济并不是划分中等强国的标准。在原本的定义中，中等强国指一个国家对国际某程度上有一些影响力，但其影响力并不遍布世界每个角落。但是，这个定义并没有成为标准。因此，某些中等强国列表中可能包含“大国”或“小国”。

中等强国的外交

G-20 的会议。G-20众国中，大部分国家都是中等强国，只有小部分才是大国。

中等强国外交特点：[1]

  • 通过全球性组织进行多方合作和与其他中等强国结盟。[2]
  • 对外政策有极大程度的公民社会的参与。
  • 国家认同建立并反映于“新颖的外交政策”上，如维持和平、人类安全保障、加入国际刑事法院、参加京都议定书等环保条约等。

中等强国列表

以下是一个中等强国列表，所有被列出的国家皆被学者或专家承认其中等强国的地位。只是中等强国和大国之间的重复国家，以及中等强国和小国之间的重复国家，其边界定义模糊。

 美国、 中国、 俄罗斯、 英国和 法国都是大国，而非中等强国，全因其军事和战略地位显赫，以及其有核国家、联合国安理会常任理事国的地位。而 美国更加是全球唯一的超级大国。

有些学者或专家也认为 日本、 德国、 印度、 巴西都是大国，而非中等强国。原因是这四国，为最有实力争取联合国安全理事会常任理事国扩增改革的新成员候选国；这四国并组成四国联盟，希望通过相互支持，推动未来改革的成功。此外，这四国在国际间也拥有不小的影响力，其中 日本、 德国是七大工业国组织成员国，而 印度、 巴西则是金砖成员国。

参见

参考

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  2. ↑ Patrick James; Mark J. Kasoff. Canadian studies in the new millennium. University of Toronto Press. 2008: 265. ISBN 978-0-8020-9468-1. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Jordaan, Edward. The concept of a middle power in international relations. [2015-03-14]. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Tobias Harris, 'Japan Accepts its "Middle-Power" Fate'. Far Eastern Economic Review Vol. 171, No. 6 (2008), p. 45: 'Japan is settling into a position as a middle power in Asia, sitting uneasily between the U.S., its security ally, and China, its most important economic partner. In this it finds itself in a situation similar to Australia, India, South Korea and the members of Asean.'
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Buzan, Barry. The United States and the Great Powers. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity Press. 2004: 71. ISBN 0-7456-3375-7. 
  6. ↑ Hazleton WA (2005) Middle Power Bandwagoning? Australia's Security Relationship with the United States , allacademic
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Yasmi Adriansyah, 'Questioning Indonesia's place in the world', Asia Times (20 September 2011): 'Countries often categorized as middle power (MP) include Australia, Canada and Japan. The reasons for this categorization are the nations' advanced political-economic stature as well as their significant contribution to international cooperation and development. India and Brazil have recently become considered middle powers because of their rise in the global arena—particularly with the emerging notion of BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China).'
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 Solomon S (1997) South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership , ISS
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Spero, Joshua. Bridging the European Divide. Rowman & Littlefield. 2004: 206. ISBN 9780742535534. ISBN 0-7425-3553-3. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Wurst J (2006) Middle Powers Initiative Briefing Paper , GSI
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  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Bernard Wood, 'Towards North-South Middle Power Coalitions', in Middle Power Internationalism: The North-South Dimension, edited by Cranford Pratt (Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990).
  13. ↑ Higgott RA, Cooper AF (1990) Middle Power Leadership and Coalition Building
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Inoguchi K (2002) The UN Disarmament Conference in Kyote
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  23. ↑ Veremēs, Thanos. The Military in Greek Politics: From Independence to Democracy. Black Rose Books. 1997. ISBN 978-1-55164-105-8 （英语）. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Jonathan H. Ping, Middle Power Statecraft: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Asia Pacific (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2005).
  25. ↑ Middle Power Internationalism: The North-South Dimension, edited by Cranford Pratt (Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990).
  26. ↑ LRB · John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt: The Israel Lobby. [2015-06-13]. 
  27. ↑ "Operation Alba may be considered one of the most important instances in which Italy has acted as a regional power, taking the lead in executing a technically and politically coherent and determined strategy." See Federiga Bindi, Italy and the European Union (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2011), p. 171.
  28. ↑ "Italy plays a prominent role in European and global military, cultural and diplomatic affairs. The country's European political, social and economic influence make it a major regional power." See Italy: Justice System and National Police Handbook, Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: International Business Publications, 2009), p. 9.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Raymond Hinnesbusch, Syria and Iran: Middle Power in a Penetrated Regional System (London: Routledge, 1997).
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Samhat, Nayef H. Middle Powers and American Foreign Policy: Lessons from Irano-U. S. Relations, 1962-77. Policy Studies Journal. 2000-02, 28 (1): 11–26. ISSN 0190-292X. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.2000.tb02013.x. 
  31. ↑ Ahouie M (2004) Iran Analysis Quarterly , MIT
  32. ↑ Foreign Affairs Committee (2006) Iran
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Mace, Gordon; Bélanger, Louis. The Americas in Transition: The Contours of Regionalism. Lynne Rienner Publishers. 1999: 153. ISBN 978-1-55587-717-0 （英语）. 
  34. ↑ Kim R. Nossal and Richard Stubbs, 'Mahathir's Malaysia: An Emerging Middle Power?' in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).
  35. ↑ Louis Belanger and Gordon Mace, 'Middle Powers and Regionalism in the Americas: The Cases of Argentina and Mexico', in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Pierre G. Goad, 'Middle Powers to the Rescue?', Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 163, No. 24 (2000), p. 69.
  37. ↑ Pellicer O (2006) Mexico – a Reluctant Middle Power? , FES
  38. ↑ Middle Powers Initiative (2004) Building Bridges: What Middle Power Countries Should Do To Strengthen the NPT , GSI
  39. ↑ Cooper, Andrew F. Middle Powers: Squeezed out or Adaptive?. Public Diplomacy Magazine. [2015-03-12]. 
  40. ↑ Kamrava, Mehran. Mediation and Qatari Foreign Policy (PDF). [2015-03-12]. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Gladys Lechini, Middle Powers: IBSA and the New South-South Cooperation. NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol. 40, No. 5 (2007): 28-33: 'Today, a new, more selective South-South cooperation has appeared, bringing some hope to the people of our regions. The trilateral alliance known as the India, Brazil, and South Africa Dialogue Forum, or IBSA, exemplifies the trend … The three member countries face the same problems and have similar interests. All three consider themselves "middle powers" and leaders of their respective regions, yet they have also been subject to pressures from the North.'
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  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 Ping, Jonathan H. Middle Power Statecraft: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Asia Pacific. Ashgate. 2005: 103. ISBN 978-0-7546-4467-5 （英语）. 
  44. ↑ Kirton J (2006) Harper’s Foreign Policy Success?
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 according to Yves Lacoste, Géopolitique, Larousse, 2009,p. 134, both Spain and Portugal exert a real influence in Africa and in the Americas.
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  47. ↑ US Election & the World. YaleGlobal Online. [2021-04-15]. 
  48. ↑ Peter Vale, 'South Africa: Understanding the Upstairs and the Downstairs', in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).
  49. ↑ Janis Van Der Westhuizen, 'South Africa's Emergence as a Middle Power', Third World Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 3 (1998), pp. 435-455.
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  55. ↑ Armstrong DF (1997) South Korea's foreign policy in the post-Cold War era: A middle power perspective
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  57. ↑ Woosang Kim, 'Korea as a Middle Power in Northeast Asian Security, in The United States and Northeast Asia: Debates, Issues, and New Order, edited by G. John Ikenbgerry and Chung-in Moon (Lantham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008).
  58. ↑ Sheridan, Greg. The plucky country and the lucky country draw closer. The Australian. 2008-11-27 [2012-10-12]. 
  59. ↑ Meltem Myftyler and Myberra Yyksel, 'Turkey: A Middle Power in the New Order', in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).
  60. ↑ Laipson, Ellen. The UAE and Egypt’s New Frontier in Libya. The National Interest. 2014-09-03 [2014-10-26]. 
  61. ↑ Evans, Gareth. Middle Power Diplomacy. 2011-06-29 [2014-10-26]. 

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