黃麻

黃麻屬
生物分類法
域：	真核域 Eukaryota
界：	植物界 Plantae
演化支：	維管束植物 Tracheophyta
門：	被子植物門 Angiospermae
綱：	雙子葉植物綱 Dicotyledoneae
演化支：	真雙子葉植物 Eudicots
演化支：	薔薇類植物 Rosids
目：	錦葵目 Malvales
科：	錦葵科 Malvaceae
亞科：	扁擔桿亞科 Grewioideae
族：	垂蕾樹族 Sparrmannieae
屬：	黃麻屬 Corchorus; L.
種
	圓果黃麻 C. capsularis; 長果黃麻 C. olitorius

黃麻（拉丁語：Corchorus）是一種長而柔軟的、發出光澤的植物纖維，可以織成高強度的粗糙的細絲。它在植物分類上屬於椴樹亞科的黃麻屬。

黃麻是最廉價的天然纖維之一，種植量和用途的廣泛都僅次於棉花。它和洋麻、大麻、亞麻、苧麻等同樣屬於韌皮纖維（從植物內皮或外皮提取的纖維）。纖維的顏色從白色到褐色，長1–4 米。

耕種栽培

適合種植黃麻的氣候為在盛行季風季節的季風氣候（溫暖，潮濕的氣候）。適宜的氣溫為20˚C至40˚C和相對濕度70％-80％。：黃麻在播種期間需要比其他時期多5-8厘米/周的降雨。

品種

圓果黃麻(White Jute)

圓果黃麻（學名：Corchorus capsularis），在中國稱作白黃麻。在幾個歷史記錄中指出，貧窮的印度村民穿用黃麻製成的衣服。用簡單的手搖紡織機和手紡車進行織布，將黃麻當成紡棉紗使用。歷史上還指出，孟加拉人從更早的時代，就把家庭和其他用途的白黃麻製成的繩索和細繩。

長果黃麻(Tossa Jute)

長果黃麻（學名：Corchorus olitorius），在中國稱作紅麻，是非洲 - 阿拉伯的品種和錦葵科的成員（跟棉花同一科）。他也是很受歡迎的葉用蔬菜，阿拉伯人稱為「molokhiya」（[ملوخية]=「國王」的意思），其葉為成分跟秋葵黏滑的成分相似。猶太人在約伯記提到長果黃麻也是一種稱作棣棠花（Jew's mallow）的蔬菜。

長果黃麻纖維比圓果黃麻更柔軟、柔滑。也發現很適合在恆河三角洲氣候栽種。19世紀時，隨着圓果黃麻栽種，長果黃麻也開始在孟加拉栽培。目前，孟加拉地區（巴基斯坦、印度和孟加拉）是長果黃麻的世界最大的生產地區。

用途

黃麻是重要性僅次於棉花的植物纖維；擁有多種用途。首先是用於原棉打包的包裝運輸袋，其次是製成袋子或粗布，還可以織成窗簾、椅套、地毯、粗麻布和油布的襯背，更可以當作造紙原料。
黃麻桿也可當作燃料、活性碳、纖維版等，可以取代伐木工業的部分性質。
在台灣中部地方把圓果黃麻改良品種的幼葉在水中搓洗出苦汁並加入地瓜和吻仔魚煮成湯，稱之為麻薏湯。

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Geotextiles are another area that made this agricultural commodity more popular in the agricultural sector. It is a lightly woven fabric made from natural fibres that is used for soil erosion control, seed protection, weed control, and many other agricultural and landscaping uses. The geotextiles can be used more than a year and the bio-degradable jute geotextile left to rot on the ground keeps the ground cool and is able to make the land more fertile. Methods such as this could be used to transfer the fertility of the [Ganges Delta to the deserts of Sahara or Australia ^{[來源請求]}.

Moreover, jute can be grown in 4–6 months with a huge amount of cellulose being produced from the jute hurd (inner woody core or parenchyma of the jute stem) that can meet most of the wood needs of the world. Jute is the major crop among others that is able to protect deforestation by industrialisation.

Thus, jute is the most environment-friendly fibre starting from the seed to expired fibre, as the expired fibres can be recycled more than once.

Diversified byproducts which can be cultivated from jute include uses in food, cosmetics, medicine, paints, and other products. Jute leaves is also a popular vegetable in West Africa. The Yoruba of Nigeria call it "ewedu". It is made into a common slimy soup in some West African cooking traditions. -->

特徵

黃麻纖維可以100%進行生物分解和回收，對環境無害。
它是一種擁有黃金和絲綢光澤的天然纖維，因而被稱為「金色纖維」。
它是最便宜的植物纖維，取自植物的莖的內皮或外皮。
它在使用、全球消費量、生產和實用方面的重要性僅次於棉花的植物纖維。
它的抗張強度很高，延展性低，防水性能較好。因此，黃麻非常適合於大批量農產品的包裝。

註釋

參考

Basu, G., A. K. Sinha, and S. N. Chattopadhyay. "Properties of Jute Based Ternary Blended Bulked Yarns". Man-Made Textiles in India. Vol. 48, no. 9 (Sep. 2005): 350–353. (AN 18605324)
Chattopadhyay, S. N., N. C. Pan, and A. Day. "A Novel Process of Dyeing of Jute Fabric Using Reactive Dye". Textile Industry of India. Vol. 42, no. 9 (Sep. 2004): 15–22. (AN 17093709)
Doraiswamy, I., A. Basu, and K. P. Chellamani. "Development of Fine Quality Jute Fibres". Colourage. Nov. 6–8, 1998, 2p. (AN TDH0624047199903296)
Kozlowski, R., and S. Manys. "Green Fibres". Textile Industry: Winning Strategies for the New Millennium—Papers Presented at the World Conference. Feb. 10–13, 1999: 29 (13p). (AN TDH0646343200106392)
Madhu, T. "Bio-Composites—An Overview". Textile Magazine. Vol. 43, no. 8 (Jun. 2002): 49 (2 pp). (AN TDH0656367200206816)
Maulik, S. R. "Chemical Modification of Jute". Asian Textile Journal. Vol. 10, no. 7 (Jul. 2001): 99 (8 pp). (AN TDH0648424200108473)
Moses, J. Jeyakodi, and M. Ramasamy. "Quality Improvement on Jute and Jute Cotton Materials Using Enzyme Treatment and Natural Dyeing". Man-Made Textiles in India. Vol. 47, no. 7 (Jul. 2004): 252–255. (AN 14075527)
Pan, N. C., S. N. Chattopadhyay, and A. Day. "Dyeing of Jute Fabric with Natural Dye Extracted from Marigold Flower". Asian Textile Journal. Vol. 13, no. 7 (Jul. 2004): 80–82. (AN 15081016)
Pan, N. C., A. Day, and K. K. Mahalanabis. "Properties of Jute". Indian Textile Journal. Vol. 110, no. 5 (Feb. 2000): 16. (AN TDH0635236200004885)
Roy, T. K. G., S. K. Chatterjee, and B. D. Gupta. "Comparative Studies on Bleaching and Dyeing of Jute after Processing with Mineral Oil in Water Emulsion vis-a-vis Self-Emulsifiable Castor Oil". Colourage. Vol. 49, no. 8 (Aug. 2002): 27 (5 pp). (AN TDH0657901200208350)
Shenai, V. A. "Enzyme Treatment". Indian Textile Journal. Vol. 114, no. 2 (Nov. 2003): 112–113. (AN 13153355)
Srinivasan, J., A. Venkatachalam, and P. Radhakrishnan. "Small-Scale Jute Spinning: An Analysis". Textile Magazine. Vol. 40, no. 4 (Feb. 1999): 29. (ANTDH0624005199903254)
Vijayakumar, K. A., and P. R. Raajendraa. "A New Method to Determine the Proportion of Jute in a Jute/Cotton Blend". Asian Textile Journal, Vol. 14, no. 5 (May 2005): 70-72. (AN 18137355)

參考文獻

外部連結

International Jute Study Group (IJSG) Resources about Jute, Kenaf and Roselle Plants.
Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University Some chemistry and medicinal information on Tossa Jute.
International Jute Study Group (IJSG). A UN collaboration for learning various aspects of Jute and Kenaf. Its headquarter is located in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Bangladeshi Ministry of Jute and Textile (Jute Division). The ministry in Bangladesh directly concerned with jute.
Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI). The Institute in Bangladesh dedicated for jute research.
Institute of Jute Technology, Kolkata, India. An institute for advanced research on jute and allied fibres.
The Golden Fibre Trade Centre Limited (GFTCL) Commercial site used (with permission) as source and contributor for much of this article.