雨季

求闻百科,共笔求闻

雨季,指在降水量有显著季节差异的地区,年降水量主要发生的月份,通常持续一个或多个月[1]。拥有雨季的地区分布在热带亚热带[2]

根据柯本气候分类法,对于热带气候,雨季定义为平均降水量60毫米以上的月份[3]。不同的气候类型,雨季也不尽相同。以北半球为例:东亚季风区的雨季主要为夏季南亚季风区的雨季大约在6月~11月;热带莽原气候的雨季为夏季;地中海型气候的雨季为冬季。拥有旱季和雨季也是季风雨林的特色,热带雨林的降雨量则是在全年平均分布[4]。一些有显著雨季的地区,当热带辐合带季风槽移动到较高纬度时,雨季的降雨会中断[5]

若雨季在夏季发生,降水主要在下午和傍晚。雨季时,空气污染改善,淡水水质提高,植被大幅度增长。但同时也会使土壤养分减少,侵蚀增加。特别在热带地区,夏季的雨季会使疟疾发病率增加[6]。一些动物在雨季会有适应和生存策略。 另外,前一个旱季也通常导致雨季的粮食短缺,因为作物尚未成熟。

受影响的地区

澳大利亚达尔文市的一场雷雨

撒哈拉以南非洲热带莽原气候区,包括加纳布基纳法索[7][8]南苏丹[9]厄立特里亚[10]埃塞俄比亚[11]博茨瓦纳都有一个明显的雨季[12]佛罗里达州德克萨斯州南部的热带莽原气候区也有一个雨季[13]季风气候区包括印度次大陆东南亚(包括印度尼西亚菲律宾[14]澳大利亚北部[15]波利尼西亚[16]中美洲[17]墨西哥西部和南部[18]、美国西南部的沙漠[19]圭亚那南部[20]巴西东北部[21]等等。

圭亚那北部有两个雨季:一个在早春,另一个在初冬[20]。 在西非,南部有两个雨季,但北部只有一个[22]。 在地中海气候区,包括美国西海岸,意大利希腊地中海海岸线[23]土耳其的雨季都是在冬季[24]。同样,以色列内盖夫沙漠的雨季是从十月延续至五月[25]。 在地中海气候区和季风气候区之间的边界,索诺兰沙漠共同拥有这两个气候类型的两个雨季[26]

参见

参考资料

  1. Glossary of Meteorology (2013). Rainy season. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved on 2008-12-27.
  2. Michael Pidwirny (2008). CHAPTER 9: Introduction to the Biosphere. PhysicalGeography.net. Retrieved on 2008-12-27.
  3. Updated world Köppen-Geiger climate classification map (PDF). 
  4. Elisabeth M. Benders-Hyde (2003). World Climates. Blue Planet Biomes. Retrieved on 2008-12-27.
  5. J. S. 0guntoyinbo and F. 0. Akintola (1983). Rainstorm characteristics affecting water availability for agriculture. IAHS Publication Number 140. Retrieved on 2008-12-27.
  6. Malaria Fact Sheet. The World Health Organization. April 2016 [2016-04-24]. 
  7. Patrick Laux et al. (2008): Predicting the regional onset of the rainy season in West Africa. International Journal of Climatology, 28 (3), 329–342.
  8. Patrick Laux et al. (2009): Modelling daily precipitation features in the Volta Basin of West Africa. International Journal of Climatology, 29 (7), 937–954.,
  9. David Vandervort (2009). Darfur: getting ready for the rainy season. International Committee of the Red Cross. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
  10. Mehari Tesfazgi Mebrhatu, M. Tsubo, and Sue Walker (2004). A Statistical Model for Seasonal Rainfall Forecasting over the Highlands of Eritrea. New directions for a diverse planet: Proceedings of the 4th International Crop Science Congress. Retrieved on 2009-02-08.
  11. Alex Wynter (2009). Ethiopia: March rainy season "critical" for southern pastoralists. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
  12. The Voice (2009). Botswana: Rainy Season Fills Up Dams. allAfrica.com. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
  13. Randy Lascody (2008). The Florida Rain Machine. National Weather Service. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
  14. OCHA Partnership for Humanity (2008). OCHA Field Situation Report: Indonesia – Rainy Season 1 December 2008. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
  15. Burarra Gathering (2006). Burarra Gathering. Burarra Gathering. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
  16. Tahiti Sun Travel Network (2007). About Bora Bora Island. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
  17. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (2006). 2.4 Analysis & Forecasting "Thumb Rules" for the Rainy Season. United States Navy. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
  18. Remote Sensing for Migratory Creatures (2002). Phenology and Creature Migration: Dry season and wet season in West Mexico. Arizona Remote Sensing Center. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
  19. J. Horel (2006). Normal Monthly Precipitation, Inches. University of Utah. Retrieved on 2008-03-19.
  20. 20.0 20.1 Horace Burton (2006). The climate of Guyana. Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology. The Outfield, August 2006, pp. 3. Retrieved on 2009-02-08.
  21. James Brian Elsner (1988). Analysis of Wet Season Rainfall Over the Nordeste of Brazil, South America. University Of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
  22. C. H. Mari, G. Cailley, L. Corre, M. Saunois, J. L. Attie, V. Thouret, and A. Stohl (2007). Biomass burning plumes during the AMMA wet season experiment. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, pp. 17342. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
  23. Greek Embassy London (2008). Welcome to Greece. Government of Greece. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
  24. D. Bozkurt, O.L. Sen and M. Karaca (2008). Wet season evaluation of RegCM3 performance for Eastern Mediterranean. EGU General Assembly. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.
  25. Ron Kahana; Baruch Ziv; Yehouda Enzel & Uri Dayan. Synoptic Climatology of Major Floods in the Negev Desert, Israel (PDF). International Journal of Climatology. 2002, 22: 869. Bibcode:2002IJCli..22..867K. doi:10.1002/joc.766. 
  26. Michael J. Plagens (2009). What and Where is the Sonoran Desert? Arizonensis. Retrieved on 2009-02-07.