腕足动物门

腕足动物门; 化石时期：寒武纪–现今 PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	位于澳大利亚大堡礁斯特德布鲁克岛的鸭嘴海豆芽
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
总门：	冠轮动物总门 Lophotrochozoa
演化支：	触手冠动物 Lophophorata
演化支：	泛腕足动物 Brachiozoa
门：	腕足动物门 Brachiopoda; Duméril, 1806
亚门和纲
	见内文
多样性
	约100个现存属; 约30,000个化石物种。

腕足动物门（学名：Brachiopoda）是动物界的一个门，属于底栖、有一对硬壳的海产触手冠动物。但与双壳类动物不同的是：其壳是上、下开合，而不是左、右开合。铰位在后背部，而前方可开合作捕食或防御。它们自寒武纪开始演化，在古生代时期最为繁盛，物种多样性达到最高峰，大约发现了超过30000个化石种，但之后于古生代末期的大灭绝事件中大幅衰弱，只余下少数物种残存至今。现存物种有300种左右，多分布在高纬度的冷水区。

语源

腕足动物的学名brachiopod源于古希腊语，由“手臂”（βραχίων）与“足”（πούς）两部分组成^[3]。

特征

介壳两枚，大小相等或不等，掩盖背腹两面；介壳的形状和饰纹以及内部器官的构造，是鉴定腕足纲属、种的依据；身体柔软、左右对称；头顶有突出部；上生许多触手，称为“腕足”；消化道呈U字形弯曲，常缺少肛门；具有体腔和后肾。

演化史

经历了奥陶纪，泥盆纪和二叠纪三次大繁荣后，腕足动物的多样性在二叠纪末发生了断崖式的暴跌，从此以后再也没能恢复多样性^[4]。

分类

腕足动物的分类有其独特的不同之处：现时腕足动物的现存物种与化石物种有着不同的特色。其化石物种的外形变化很大，但其外壳只有少量特征；而现存物种的外壳变化不大，反而其软件及外壳均各有特征。若我们只专注于其中一类特征，均不能把另一类好好的分类。本门动物也经历了显著的趋同进化和逆转演化（这使较新的组别损失了原来在中间组别出现的特色，又或回复了原来只在较旧的组别出现的特点）。因此，有些分类学的学者认为现时我们仍然未成熟到可以具体把目以上的分类确定，建议只适宜透过自底向上的方法，先确定物种的种属，然后再把他们分成组^[5]。不过，亦有学者不同意这个观点，认为现时的然而，其他分类学家相信，物种中某些模式的特点已足够稳定，值得作更高级别的分类，尽管大家可能对更高级别的分类有不同的看法^[5]。以下为现时较多人同意的分类法。

目

以下为腕足动物门以下的目：

舌形贝型亚门（Linguliformea）
- 舌形贝纲（Lingulata）
  - †顶孔贝目（Acrotretida，又名乳房贝目）
  - 舌形贝目（Linguilida）
  - †管洞贝目（Siphonotretida）
- †神父贝纲（Paterinata）
  - †神父贝目（Paterinida）
髑髅贝型亚门（Craniiformea）
- 头壳纲（Craniata，又名髑髅贝纲、颅形贝纲）
  - 头壳目（Craniida，又名髑髅贝目、颅形贝目）
  - †拟髑髅贝目（Craniopsida，又名拟颅形贝目）
  - †三分贝目（Trimerellida）
小嘴贝型亚门（Rhynchonelliformea）
- 小嘴贝纲（Rhynchonellata）
  - †前正形贝目（Protorthida）
  - †正形贝目（Orthida）
  - †五房贝目（Pentamerida）
  - †无洞贝目（Atrypida，已废弃的并系群分类）
  - 小嘴贝目（Rhynchonellida）
  - †石燕贝目（Spiriferida）
  - †无窗贝目（Athyridida）
  - †荚采贝目（Spiriferinida）
  - 穿孔贝目（Terebratulida）
  - 鞘贝目（Thecideida）
- †扭月贝纲（Strophomenata）
  - †扭月贝目（Strophomenida）
  - †长身贝目（Productida）
  - †伯灵贝目（Billingsellida）
  - †直形贝目（Orthotetida）
- †智利贝纲（Chileata）
  - †智利贝目（Chileida）
  - †目 Dictyonellida
- †库图贝纲（Kutorginata）
  - †库图贝目（Kutorginida）
- †小圆货贝纲（Obolellata）
  - †小圆货贝目（Obolellida）
  - †目 Naukatida

注释

↑ Zvyagintsev etc: Brachio fouling & (2007).
↑ Cohen: Brachiopoda ELS & (2002).
↑ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary & (2002)，entry "Brachiopod".
↑ Carlson, Sandra J. The Evolution of Brachiopoda. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 2016-06-29, 44 (1): 409–438. ISSN 0084-6597. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-060115-012348 （英语）.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Carlson: Ghosts & (2001).

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延伸阅读

Moore, R.C.; Lalicker, C.G., and Fischer, A.G. Invertebrate Fossils. Mcgraw-Hill College. 1952-06. ISBN 0-07-043020-9.

外部链接

[FOOTNOTEZvyagintsev_etc:_Brachio_fouling(2007)-1] Zvyagintsev etc: Brachio fouling & (2007).

[FOOTNOTECohen:_Brachiopoda_ELS(2002)-2] Cohen: Brachiopoda ELS & (2002).

[FOOTNOTEShorter_Oxford_English_Dictionary(2002)entry_"Brachiopod"-3] Shorter Oxford English Dictionary & (2002)，entry "Brachiopod".

[4] Carlson, Sandra J. The Evolution of Brachiopoda. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 2016-06-29, 44 (1): 409–438. ISSN 0084-6597. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-060115-012348 （英语）.

[FOOTNOTECarlson:_Ghosts(2001)-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Carlson: Ghosts & (2001).

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