洄游

洄游是不少品种的鱼类在其生命周期中相对于其原有栖息场所定期的大规模迁徙现象，从每日到每年、甚或更长的周期，从数米到上千公里的距离。鱼类一般都会因为寻食或繁殖等原因而洄游，^[1]不过大部分的鱼类（如鲑鱼）洄游到目的地后便会死亡，只有少数会活着。尽管还有个别例子的洄游原因仍然未知。

鲑鱼和银花鲈鱼为著名的溯河洄游鱼类，鳗鱼则为降河洄游鱼类。公牛鲨为广盐性鱼类，可自由穿梭于淡水与海水之中。许多海洋鱼类会进行昼夜垂直迁移，在晚上游至表层觅食，白天则潜回深海。鲔鱼等鱼类一年中会随着温度进行南北迁徙。渔业行为时常发生在这些鱼类的迁徙路径上。在淡水域的鱼类进行迁徙时路径则容易因为[水坝]的构筑而受到阻断。

洄游的种类

洄游可分为溯河洄游、降河洄游。

溯河洄游（英语：Anadromous）：指的是生活于海中，游至淡水繁殖的鱼类。例如：鲑鱼、银花鲈鱼^[3]、海七鳃鳗^[4]、胡瓜鱼科、美洲西鲱。

降河洄游（英语：Catadromous）：指的是生活于淡水，游至海洋中繁殖的鱼类。例如鳗鱼^[3]^[5]。

这种分类法虽然源于鱼类，但原则上亦适用于所有物种。根据洄游的原因还可分为生殖洄游、适温洄游和索饵洄游。此外，还有以下分类^[6]^[7]：

河海洄游（英语：Amphidromous）：在一生中不同阶段会在海水或淡水域生活的鱼类。例如：冬𬶮科、大斑南乳鱼。
远洋洄游（英语：Potamodromous）：在一生中不同阶段会在不同海水域生活的鱼类。例如：博氏喙鲈、双色笛鲷、伊氏石斑鱼。
纯淡水洄游^[8]（英语：Ooceanodromous）：在一生中不同阶段会在不同淡水域生活的鱼类。例如：湖鲟、铲𫚔。

知名的洄游鱼类

参见

注释

↑ 中国大百科智慧藏：鱼类的洄游
↑ Atlantic Salmon Life Cycle Connecticut River Coordinator's Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Updated: 13 September 2010.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Moyle, P.B. 2004. Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, CA.
↑ Silva, S., Araújo, M. J., Bao, M., Mucientes, G., & Cobo, F. (2014). The haematophagous feeding stage of anadromous populations of sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus: low host selectivity and wide range of habitats. Hydrobiologia, 734(1), 187-199.
↑ Tyus, H.M. 2012. Ecology and Conservation of Fishes. Taylor and Francis Group, CRC Press, Boca Raton, London, New York.
↑ Myers, George S. Usage of Anadromous, Catadromous and allied terms for migratory fishes. Copeia. 1949, 1949: 89–97.
↑ Secor, David H; Kerr L A. Lexicon of life cycle diversity in diadromous and other fishes.. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 2009, (69): 537–556.
↑ 罗永清. 芭乐人、芭乐鱼、芭乐狗：试想台湾原住民族所謂“真正的”物种. 2014-01-13 [2014-01-14] （繁体中文）.

参考书目

Blumm, M (2002) Sacrificing the Salmon: A Legal and Policy History of the Decline of Columbia Basin Salmon Bookworld Publications.
Bond, C E (1996) Biology of Fishes, 2nd ed. Saunders, pp. 599–605.
Hogan, C M (2008) Morro Creek , The Megalithic Portal, ed. by A. Burnham
Lucas, M.C., and E. Baras. (2001) Migration of freshwater fishes. Blackwell Science Ltd., Malden, MA
Appendix A: Migratory Fish Species in North America, Europe, Asia and Africa in Carolsfield J, Harvey B, Ross C and Anton Baer A (2004)Migratory Fishes of South America World Fisheries Trust/World Bank/IDRC. ISBN 1-55250-114-0.

外部链接

United Nations: Introduction to the Convention on Migratory Species
Living North Sea – International project on tackling fish migration problems in the North Sea Region
Fish Migration Network – Worldwide network of specialist working on the theme fish migration

[ZGDBK-1] 中国大百科智慧藏：鱼类的洄游

[2] Atlantic Salmon Life Cycle Connecticut River Coordinator's Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Updated: 13 September 2010.

[Moyle,_P.B_2004-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Moyle, P.B. 2004. Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, CA.

[4] Silva, S., Araújo, M. J., Bao, M., Mucientes, G., & Cobo, F. (2014). The haematophagous feeding stage of anadromous populations of sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus: low host selectivity and wide range of habitats. Hydrobiologia, 734(1), 187-199.

[5] Tyus, H.M. 2012. Ecology and Conservation of Fishes. Taylor and Francis Group, CRC Press, Boca Raton, London, New York.

[Myers_1949-6] Myers, George S. Usage of Anadromous, Catadromous and allied terms for migratory fishes. Copeia. 1949, 1949: 89–97.

[Secor_2009-7] Secor, David H; Kerr L A. Lexicon of life cycle diversity in diadromous and other fishes.. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 2009, (69): 537–556.

[8] 罗永清. 芭乐人、芭乐鱼、芭乐狗：试想台湾原住民族所謂“真正的”物种. 2014-01-13 [2014-01-14] （繁体中文）.

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