标准状况

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标准状况（英语：standard temperature and pressure, STP，标准温度与标准压力），简称“标况”。由于地表各处的温度、压力皆不同，即使是同一地点的温度压强也随测量时间不同而相异，因此为研究方便，制定出描述物质特征的标准状况。

在化学领域，国际纯化学和应用化学联合会（IUPAC）在1982年改变了标准温度和标准压力（STP）的定义：

  • 在1982年以前，标准状况定义为0 ℃（273.15 K）、101325 / 105 Pa（1 atm）。1摩尔的理想气体在STP下占有的体积为22.414升（L）。
  • 自1982年以来，标准状况定义为0 ℃（273.15 K）、100kPa，这样的定义接近海平面上水的冰点。1摩尔的理想气体在STP下占有的体积为22.710953（21）L(CODATA 2010)，为标准摩尔体积（standard molar volume）。这是区别一般条件而制定的标准。

历史上由巴黎制定的通行欧洲的旧制标准如下：

  • 压强p = 1 atm = 101325 帕斯卡 = 1013.25 hPa = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 bar.
  • 温度T = 298.15 K ≙ 25 °C，空气密度ρ = 1.184 kg/m³.
现在也使用T = 293.15 K ≙ 20 °C 空气密度ρ = 1.204 kg/m³.

当前使用的标准状况

世界各地的组织目前正在使用许多不同的标准状况定义。 下表列出了其中的一些。 其中一些组织过去使用过其他标准。 例如，自1982年以来，IUPAC将标准参考条件定义为0 °C和100 kPa（1 bar），而其旧标准为0 °C和101.325 kPa（1 atm）。

标准状况参考条件
温度 绝对压力 相对湿度 出版或创立者
°C kPa % RH
0 100.000   IUPAC（1982年之后正在使用的定义）
0 101.325   IUPAC（1982年以前使用的定义）NIST[1], ISO 10780[2]
15 101.325 0[3][4] ICAO's ISA，[3]ISO 13443,[4]EEA，[5]EGIA[6]
20 101.325   EPA，[7]NIST[8]
25 101.325   EPA[9]
25 100.000   SATP[10]
20 100.000 0 CAGI[11]
15 100.000   SPE[12]
°F psi % RH
60 14.696   SPE,[12]U.S. OSHA，[13]SCAQMD[14]
60 14.73   EGIA,[6]OPEC，[15]U.S. EIA[16]
59 14.503 78 U.S. Army Standard Metro[17][18]
59 14.696 60 ISO 2314, ISO 3977-2[19]
°F in Hg % RH
70 29.92 0 AMCA，[20][21]air density = 0.075 lbm/ft³. This AMCA standard applies only to air.

注释：

  • EGIA：加拿大电力和燃气检验法
  • SATP：标准的环境压力和温度
  • SCAQMD：加州南海岸空气质量管理区

气体摩尔体积

主条目：摩尔体积

当表示气体的摩尔体积时，要指明适用的温度和压力条件。 在不指明温度和压力条件的情况下，说明气体的摩尔体积几乎没有意义并且可能引起混淆。

通过使用理想气体定律，可以计算在标准状况下的气体摩尔体积。 任何理想气体的摩尔体积可以在各种标准参考条件下计算，如下所示：

  • Vm = 8.3145 × 273.15 / 101.325 = 22.414 dm3/mol （在 0 °C 和 101.325 kPa 下）
  • Vm = 8.3145 × 273.15 / 100.000 = 22.711 dm3/mol （在 0 °C 和 100 kPa 下）
  • Vm = 8.3145 × 298.15 / 101.325 = 24.466 dm3/mol （在25 °C 和 101.325 kPa 下）
  • Vm = 8.3145 × 298.15 / 100.000 = 24.790 dm3/mol （在25 °C 和 100 kPa 下）
  • Vm = 10.7316 × 519.67 / 14.730 = 378.61 ft3/lbmol （在60 °F 和 14.73 psi 下）

参看

参考资料

  1. ↑ NIST. NIST Standard Reference Database 7 – NIST Electron and Positron Stopping Powers of Materials Database. 1989 [08-07-25]. If you want the program to treat the material as an ideal gas, the density will be assumed given by M/V, where M is the gram molecular weight of the gas and V is the mol volume of 22414 cm3 at standard conditions（0 deg C and 1 atm）. 
  2. ↑ ISO, ISO 10780:1994 : Stationary source emissions - Measurement of velocity and volume flowrate of gas streams in ducts, 1994 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Robert C. Weast (Editor). Handbook of Physics and Chemistry 56th Edition. CRC Press. 1975: F201–F206. ISBN 0-87819-455-X. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Natural gas – Standard reference conditions", ISO 13443, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland  ISO Standards Catalogue
  5. ↑ "Extraction, First Treatment and Loading of Liquid & Gaseous Fossil Fuels", Emission Inventory Guidebook B521, Activities 050201 - 050303, September 1999, European Environmental Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark  Emission Inventory Guidebook[永久失效链接]
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Electricity and Gas Inspection Act", SOR/86-131（defines a set of standard conditions for Imperial units and a different set for metric units） Canadian Laws
  7. ↑ "Standards of Performance for New Sources", 40 CFR--Protection of the Environment, Chapter I, Part 60, Section 60.2, 1990  New Source Performance Standards
  8. ↑ "Design and Uncertainty for a PVTt Gas Flow Standard", Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Vol.108, Number 1, 2003  NIST Journal
  9. ↑ "National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards", 40 CFR--Protection of the Environment, Chapter I, Part 50, Section 50.3, 1998  National Ambient Air Standards
  10. ↑ "Table of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties", National Bureau of Standards（NBS）,Journal of Physics and Chemical Reference Data, 1982, Vol. 11, Supplement 2.
  11. ↑ "Glossary", 2002, Compressed Air and Gas Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA  Glossary
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 The SI Metric System of Units and SPE Metric Standard 1984, Richardson, TX, USA（Notes for Table 2.3 on page 25 define standard cubic foot and standard cubic meter）
  13. ↑ "Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases" and "Storage and Handling of Anhydrous Ammonia", 29 CFR--Labor, Chapter XVII--Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Part 1910, Sect. 1910.110 and 1910.111, 1993  Storage/Handling of LPG
  14. ↑ "Rule 102, Definition of Terms（Standard Conditions）", Amended December 2004, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Los Angeles, California, USA  SCAQMD Rule 102
  15. ↑ "Annual Statistical Bulletin", 2004, Editor-in-chief: Dr. Omar Ibrahim, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, Vienna, Austria  OPEC Statistical Bulletin
  16. ↑ "Natural Gas Annual 2004", DOE/EIA-0131（04）,December 2005, U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Washington, D.C., USA  Natural Gas Annual 2004
  17. ↑ Sierra Bullets L.P. Chapter 3 – Effects of Altitude and Atmospheric Conditions. Rifle and Handgun Reloading Manual, 5th Edition. "Effects of Altitude and Atmospheric Conditions", Exterior Ballistics Section, Sierra's "Rifle and Handgun Reloading Manual, 5th Edition", Sedalia, MO, USA  Exterior Ballistics
  18. ↑ The pressure is specified as 750 mmHg. However, the mmHg is temperature dependant, as mercury expands as temperature goes up. Here the values for the 0-20 °C range are given.
  19. ↑ "Gas turbines – Procurement – Part 2: Standard reference conditions and ratings", ISO 3977-2:1997 and "Gas turbines - Acceptance tests", ISO 2314:1989, Edition 2, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland ISO
  20. ↑ ANSI/AMCA Standard 210, "Laboratory Methods Of Testing Fans for Aerodynamic Performance Rating", as implied here: http://www.greenheck.com/pdf/centrifugal/Plug.pdf when accessed on October 17, 2007
  21. ↑ The standard is given as 29.92 inHg at an unspecified temperature. This most likely corresponds to a standard pressure of 101.325 kPa, converted into ~29.921 inHg at 32 °F)

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