战斗或逃跑反应

求闻百科，共笔求闻
猫狗对峙的反应

战或逃反应（英文：Fight-or-flight response）是心理学和生理学概念，为1929年美国生理学家沃尔特·布拉德福·坎农（Walter Cannon）所提出[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]，其发现动物机体面对威胁时通常会激起神经和腺体的反应产生应激（压力），使躯体做好防御、挣扎或者逃跑的准备。后来，这一反应被认为是脊椎动物以及其他生物应激反应的最初阶段。不同的荷尔蒙雌激素、睾酮和皮质醇都会影响人们如何对压力作反应。[9]

概述

这种应激反应的中心位于丘脑下部，包括了许多种情绪反应。丘脑下部有时被视作应激中心，因为其在紧急事件中具备双重功能：对于自主神经系统（ANS）的控制，以及对垂体腺的控制[10]。

两性在“战斗或逃跑反应”中表现有差异：较之女性，男性更倾向于“战斗”反应；较之男性，女性更倾向于“逃跑”反应，或寻求他人帮助，或化解当前危险——“结盟与友好”。尤其是身为母亲的女性，面临紧张情况时，会尤其倾向于保护自己的子女并寻求他人帮助。[11]

参考文献

  1. ↑ harvardsquarelibrary: W. B. Cannon Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage: An Account of Recent Researches into the Function of Emotional Excitement, Appleton, New York, 1915
  2. ↑ Cannon, Walter. Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear, and rage. New York: Appleton. 1929. 
  3. ↑ Bracha, H.S. et. al. (2004). Does "Fight or Flight" Need Updating? in Psychosomatics, 45:448-449, October 2004.. [2010-03-26]. 
  4. ↑ Some references say he first described the response in 1914 in The American Journal of Physiology. Others in the 1915 edition of Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage. Other sources say that he first used the term in 1929 or in 1932 edition of the same book. The issue needs further research.
  5. ↑ Walter Bradford Cannon. Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear, and rage. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. 1929. 
  6. ↑ H.S.Bracha; Ralston, TC; Matsukawa, JM; Williams, AE; Bracha, AS. Does "Fight or Flight" Need Updating?. Psychosomatics. 2004, 45 (5): 448–9 [2010-10-04]. PMID 15345792. doi:10.1176/appi.psy.45.5.448. Walter Cannon's original formulation of the term for the human response to threat, 'fight or flight,' was coined exactly 75 years ago, in 1929. 
  7. ↑ Shelley Elizabeth Taylor, LC Klein, BP Lewis. Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychological Review. First described by Walter Cannon in 1932, the fight-or-flight response is characterized physiologically by sympathetic nervous system activation that innervates the adrenal medulla, producing a hormonal cascade that results in the secretion of catecholamines, especially ... 
  8. ↑ Walter Bradford Cannon. Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage: An Account of Recent Researches into the Function of Emotional Excitement. Appleton-Century-Crofts. 1915. 
  9. ↑ Adrenaline, Cortisol, Norepinephrine: The Three Major Stress Hormones, Explained. Hufflington Post. 2014-04-19 [2014-08-16]. 
  10. ↑ 《心理学与生活》（Psychology and life），Richard Gerrig / Philip Zimbardo，ISBN 9787115111302，人民邮电出版社，2003-10，P363
  11. ↑ Shelley Elizabeth Taylor, LC Klein, BP Lewis. "Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight". Psychological Review. Retrieved 2010-10-04. "First described by Walter Cannon in 1932, the fight-or-flight response is characterized physiologically by sympathetic nervous system activation that innervates the adrenal medulla, producing a hormonal cascade that results in the secretion of catecholamines, especially ..."
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