博科圣地叛乱 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
上:执行对抗博科圣地任务的尼日尔士兵,2015年3月 下:尼日利亚“平民联合特遣部队”(CJTF)民兵,2015年 | |||||||
| |||||||
参战方 | |||||||
地方民兵和自警团 |
博科圣地(从2015年开始部分与伊斯兰国结盟)[a] “伊斯兰国” (自2015年起) | ||||||
指挥官与领导者 | |||||||
穆罕默杜·布哈里 |
博科圣地 西非省 安萨鲁 Khalid al-Barnawi(被俘)[45] Abu Jafa'ar[46] | ||||||
兵力 | |||||||
尼日利亚陆军: 民兵:未知,数万人[47] | 4,000-6,000名核心战士(2015年初) | ||||||
伤亡与损失 | |||||||
不详 | 数以千计的人被杀、被俘或投降[49][50][51][52] | ||||||
总共350,000人死亡,其中35,000人直接死亡[53] 超过270万人流离失所 |
博科圣地叛乱始于2009年,当时尼日利亚的博科圣地组织发动武装叛乱对抗尼日利亚政府。其后该组织将袭击范围扩大至邻国喀麦隆、乍得和尼日尔。
2015年2月,美国情报官员表示博科圣地武装大约有4,000至6,000名核心战士。截至2015年10月,博科圣地已杀害至少15,000人。[54]2019年12月有联合国官员表示博科圣地叛乱已造成超过36,000人丧生,当中约一半是平民。[55]
注释
- ↑ 在穆罕默德·优素福死后,博科圣地分裂成不同派系。虽然阿布巴卡尔·谢考后来成为博科圣地的主要头目,他从来不曾控制全部所有派系。派系之间有松散的联盟,但偶然会彼此发生冲突。[25][26] 此情况到2015年谢考宣称效忠伊斯兰国时有了转变。 伊斯兰国的领导层最终决定由阿布·穆萨布·巴纳维取代谢考担任当地首领,导致博科圣地彻底分裂。谢考不再承认伊斯兰国的权威,而效忠他的人开始公然与巴纳维的追随者开战。不过谢考由始至终未曾正式取消他对伊斯兰国的效忠誓言,因此他的团伙有时仍被视为伊斯兰国西非省另一分支。总的来说,谢考和伊斯兰国的关系仍不明朗。[27]
- ↑ 起源不明,曾是博科圣地派系,[30]2012年1月1日正式宣布自立为独立团体。[30][31]2015年以后在尼日利亚无已知的军事活动,不过它的数名成员仍然活跃。[32]
参考文献
- ↑ Faced with Boko Haram, Cameroon weighs death penalty for terrorism. By Tansa Musa, Reuters. YAOUNDE Wed 3 December 2014 9:56am EST.
- ↑ ICG (2018),第i, 4–8页.
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- ↑ ICG (2018),第i, 3, 7页.
- ↑ ICG (2018),第3页.
- ↑ Colin Freeman. South African mercenaries' secret war on Boko Haram. The Daily Telegraph. 2015-05-10 [2018-03-17].
- ↑ Union agrees to send 7,500 troops to fight Boko Haram in Nigeria[失效链接]. Mashable.com, 31 January 2015.
- ↑ The African Union Readies an Army to Fight Boko Haram , Medium.com.
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- ↑ 引证错误:
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的ref(参考)提供文本 - ↑ Canada joins effort to free Nigerian schoolgirls. 14 May 2014 3:23 pm Updated: 15 May 2014 7:01 pm. By Murray Brewster, The Canadian Press
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Kidnapped schoolgirls: British experts to fly to Nigeria 'as soon as possible'. theguardian.com, Wednesday 7 May 2014 17.33 BST.
- ↑ Iaccino, Ludovica. Nigeria turns east: Russia and Pakistan now selling warplanes to help in Boko Haram fight. 2016-12-05 [2018-05-01].
- ↑ Nigerian Special Forces battalion completes training course in Pakistan. quwa.org. 2017-06-08 [2018-05-01].
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- ↑ In Pictures: Lt. General Buratai visits Colombia. The NEWS. 2016-01-25 [2016-02-02].
- ↑ Egypt Pledges To Support Nigeria in Fight Against Boko Haram • Channels Television. 2015-05-30 [2018-05-01].
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- ↑ Беларусь попала в ТОП-20 мировых лидеров по экспорту вооружений – Военно-политическое обозрение, 1 марта 2017
- ↑ TRADOC G-2 (2015),第4, 19页.
- ↑ ICG 2014,第ii, 22, 26, 27页.
- ↑ Warner & Hulme (2018),第22页.
- ↑ Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi of Attempted Coup. 360nobs. 2016-08-04 [2018-07-16].
- ↑ Yinka Ibukun. Nigeria Turns to Dialogue to End 9-Year Islamist Insurgency. Bloomberg News. 2018-03-26 [2018-07-16].
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 ICG 2014,第26页.
- ↑ Steve White. Nigerian hostage deaths: British hostage executed in error. Daily Mirror. 2013-03-13 [2014-12-29].
- ↑ Jacob Zenn. Electronic Jihad in Nigeria: How Boko Haram Is Using Social Media. Jamestown Foundation. 2017-12-09 [2018-07-16].
- ↑ ICG 2014,第22–24, 27页.
- ↑ ICG 2014,第22, 26, 27页.
- ↑ Al-Qaeda now has a united front in Africa's troubled Sahel region. Newsweek. 2017-03-03 [2017-03-04] (英语).
- ↑ ICG 2014,第22, 26页.
- ↑ ICG 2014,第23页.
- ↑ The Christian Science Monitor. Boko Haram escalates battle with bold move into Chad. The Christian Science Monitor. 2015-02-13 [2021-03-05].
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 Abubakar Shekau's Boko Haram Faction Confirms Death Of Leader, Issues Fresh Threats. Sahara Reporters. 2021-06-15 [2021-06-16].
- ↑ Nigeria: Boko Haram Resurrects, Declares Total Jihad. allAfrica. [2010-06-27].
- ↑ Warner et al. 2020,第22页.
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Zenn (2020),第6–7页.
- ↑ AFP. ISIS-backed Boko Haram faction may have new chief. News24. 2019-03-06 [2019-03-14].
- ↑ ICG 2014,第26, 27页.
- ↑ Secret trials of thousands of Boko Haram suspects to start in Nigeria. The Guardian. 2017-10-09 [2018-07-16].
- ↑ Ansaru: A Profile of Nigeria's Newest Jihadist Movement. Jamestown Foundation. 2013-01-10 [2018-07-16].
- ↑ ICG (2018),第i, ii页.
- ↑ ICG (2018),第ii页.
- ↑ 76 starving Boko Haram members surrender to Nigerian military. Fox News. 2016-03-02 [2016-06-20].
- ↑ 300 Boko Haram members surrender in Cameroon. Vanguard. 2014-09-28 [2016-06-20].
- ↑ 800 Boko Haram militants surrender to Nigeria, General claims. The Independent. 2016-04-07 [2016-06-20].
- ↑ Nigerian troops 'rescue 157 captives as 77 Boko Haram members surrender'. Premium Times. 2016-06-01 [2016-06-20].
- ↑ Northeast Nigeria insurgency has killed almost 350,000 - UN. Reuters. 2021-06-24.
- ↑ 联合国严词谴责在喀麦隆和阿富汗发生的袭击事件. 联合国新闻. 2015-10-12 [2021-03-05].
- ↑ UN chief urges action following execution, abduction of civilians in Nigeria. UN News. 2019-12-24 [2021-03-05].
著作
- Warner, Jason; Hulme, Charlotte. The Islamic State in Africa: Estimating Fighter Numbers in Cells Across the Continent (PDF). CTC Sentinel (West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center). 2018, 11 (7): 21–28.
- TRADOC G-2. Threat Tactics Report: Boko Haram (PDF). Fort Eustis: United States Army Training and Doctrine Command. 2015.
- Curbing Violence in Nigeria (II): The Boko Haram Insurgency (PDF). Africa Report (Brussels: International Crisis Group). 2014-04-03, (216).
- Watchmen of Lake Chad: Vigilante Groups Fighting Boko Haram (PDF). Africa Report (Brussels: International Crisis Group). 2018-02-23, (244).
- Warner, Jason; O'Farrell, Ryan; Nsaibia, Héni; Cummings, Ryan. Outlasting the Caliphate: The Evolution of the Islamic State Threat in Africa (PDF). CTC Sentinel (West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center). 2020, 13 (11): 18–33.
- Zenn, Jacob. Islamic State in West Africa Province and the Battle With Boko Haram (PDF). Terrorism Monitor (Jamestown Foundation). 2020-03-20, 18 (6): 6–8.