元素氧化态列表

求闻百科，共笔求闻

元素氧化态列表列出化学元素的所有已知整数氧化态，常见氧化态以粗体标记，所有元素单质氧化态为零。

该列表主要参考《元素化学》（Chemistry of the Elements）[1]，显示出元素周期律在元素价态上的一些趋势。[2]

Nu
−1 H +1
He
−1 Li +1
Be +1 +2
-1 B +1 +2 +3 [3]
−4 −3 −2 −1 C +1 +2 +3 +4
−3 −2 −1 N +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6
−2 −1 O +1 +2
−1 F
Ne
−1 Na +1
Mg +1 +2 [4]
Al +1 +2 +3
−4 −3 −2 −1 Si +1 +2 +3 +4
−3 −2 −1 P +1 +2 +3 +4 +5
−2 −1 S +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6
−1 Cl +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7
Ar
K +1
Ca +1 +2
Sc +1 +2 +3
−2 −1 Ti +1 +2 +3 +4
−1 V +1 +2 +3 +4 +5
−2 −1 Cr +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6
−3 −2 −1 Mn +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7
−2 −1 Fe +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 [5]
−1 Co +1 +2 +3 +4 +5
−1 Ni +1 +2 +3 +4
Cu +1 +2 +3 +4
Zn +1 +2 [6]
Ga +1 +2 +3
−4 −3 −2 −1 Ge +1 +2 +3 +4
−3 As +1 +2 +3 +5
−2 Se +1 +2 +4 +6
−1 Br +1 +3 +4 +5 +7
Kr +1 +2
Rb +1
Sr +1 +2
Y +1 +2 +3

[7][8]

−2 Zr +1 +2 +3 +4
−1 Nb +2 +3 +4 +5
−2 −1 Mo +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6
−3 −1 Tc +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7
−2 Ru +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8
−1 Rh +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6
Pd +1 +2 +4 +6
Ag +1 +2 +3
Cd +1 +2
-5[9] −2 −1 In +1 +2 +3
−4 Sn +1 +2 +3 +4
−3 Sb +3 +5
−2 Te +2 +4 +5 +6
−1 I +1 +3 +5 +7
Xe +1 +2 +4 +6 +8
Cs +1 +5
Ba +2
La +2 +3
Ce +1 +2 +3 +4
Pr +2 +3 +4 +5
Nd +2 +3
Pm +2 +3
Sm +1 +2 +3 +4
Eu +1 +2 +3
Gd +1 +2 +3
Tb +1 +2 +3 +4
Dy +1 +2 +3
Ho +1 +2 +3
Er +1 +2 +3
Tm +2 +3
Yb +1 +2 +3
Lu +1 +2 +3
−2 Hf +1 +2 +3 +4
−1 Ta +2 +3 +4 +5
−2 −1 W +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6
−3 −1 Re +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7
−2 −1 Os +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8
-3 −1 Ir +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 [10][11][12]
−3 −2 −1 Pt +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6
−1 Au +1 +2 +3 +4 +5
Hg +1 +2 +4 [13]
Tl +1 +2 +3
−4 Pb +1 +2 +3 +4
−3 −2 −1 Bi +1 +2 +3 +4 +5
−2 Po +2 +4 +6
−1 At +1 +3 +5 +7
Rn +2 +6 [14]
Fr +1
Ra +2
Ac +3
Th +1 +2 +3 +4
Pa +2 +3 +4 +5
U +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6
Np +3 +4 +5 +6 +7
Pu +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8
Am +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7
Cm +3 +4
Bk +3 +4
Cf +2 +3 +4
Es +2 +3 +4
Fm +2 +3
Md +2 +3
No +2 +3
Lr +3
Rf +4
Db +5
Sg +6
Bh +7
Hs +8
Mt
Ds
Rg
Cn
Nh
Fl
Mc
Lv
Ts
Og

下图是欧文·朗缪尔1919年在研究八隅体规则时所画：[15]

参考资料

  1. ↑ Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd Edition, Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4, p. 28.
  2. ↑ 灰色行的元素是惰性气体。
  3. ↑ 超导材料二硼化镁中硼的氧化态是-1。
  4. ↑ 含有Mg(I)的低价镁化合物已经用大配体制得，参见：Green, S. P.; Jones C.; Stasch A. Stable Magnesium(I) Compounds with Mg-Mg Bonds. Science. December 2007, 318 (5857): 1754–1757. PMID 17991827. doi:10.1126/science.1150856.  。
  5. ↑ Lu, J. B., Jian, J., Huang, W., Lin, H., Li, J., & Zhou, M. (2016). Experimental and theoretical identification of the Fe (vii) oxidation state in FeO 4−.Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics,18(45), 31125-31131.
  6. ↑ Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils;. Zink. Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie 91–100. Walter de Gruyter. 1985: 1034–1041. ISBN 3-11-007511-3 （德语）. 
  7. ↑ Yttrium: yttrium(II) hydride compound data. WebElements.com. [2007-12-10]. 
  8. ↑ Yttrium: yttrium(I) bromide compound data. OpenMOPAC.net. [2007-12-10]. 
  9. ↑ Guloy, A. M.; Corbett, J. D. Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Two Lanthanum Indium Germanides with Novel Structures and Properties. Inorganic Chemistry. 1996, 35 (9): 2616–22. doi:10.1021/ic951378e. 
  10. ↑ Ir(-III)存在于Ir(CO)33−中，参见Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements 2nd. Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. 1997. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4. 。
  11. ↑ Ir(VIII)存在于四氧化铱中，参见Gong, Yu; Zhou, Mingfei, Kaupp, Martin, Riedel, Sebastian. Formation and Characterization of the Iridium Tetroxide Molecule with Iridium in the Oxidation State +VIII. Angewandte Chemie. 2009-10-04, 121 (42): 8019–8023. doi:10.1002/ange.200902733. 
  12. ↑ Wang, Guanjun; Zhou, Mingfei; Goettel, James T.; Schrobilgen, Gary G.; Su, Jing; Li, Jun; Schlöder, Tobias; Riedel, Sebastian. Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX. Nature. 2014, 514: 475–477. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..475W. PMID 25341786. doi:10.1038/nature13795. 
  13. ↑ Hg(IV)存在于四氟化汞中，参见Xuefang Wang; Lester Andrews; Sebastian Riedel; and Martin Kaupp. Mercury Is a Transition Metal: The First Experimental Evidence for HgF4.. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46 (44): 8371–8375. doi:10.1002/anie.200703710.  。
  14. ↑ Rn2+存在于二氟化氡中，参见Stein, L. Ionic Radon Solution. Science. 1970, 168: 362. doi:10.1126/science.168.3929.362. 和Kenneth S. Pitzer. Fluorides of radon and element 118. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.,. 1975: 760b – 761. doi:10.1039/C3975000760b. 。
  15. ↑ Irving Langmuir. The arrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1919, 41, 868-934. doi:10.1021/ja02227a002
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