世界体系理论

世界体系理论是一套由萨米尔·阿明、杰奥瓦尼·阿瑞基、安德烈·冈德·弗兰克与伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦等人创建的一套后马克思主义国际关系理论及社会理论。

内容

世界体系论主要建基于卡尔·马克思的著作，属于后马克思主义。它的根基之一在于对帝国主义的探讨，列宁在其名著《帝国主义是资本主义的最高阶段》中首开其端，世界体系论中谈及的核心与边陲概念也源于列宁。

华勒斯坦从边陲与核心的资源分配机制入手。“核心”系指已开发的工业化地区、政治集团，“边陲”指较贫穷并以出口原物料为主的未开发或开发中国家，“半边陲”是一方面支配某些边陲国，另一方面又被技术更先进的强国支配的中小国家。透过市场机制，边陲受到中心的剥削。这是世界体系的空间划分。华勒斯坦如是说：

“ 世界体系是一个社会体系，它有其边界、结构、成员团体、合法性规则及凝聚性。它的生命由各种相冲突的力量构成，它们以张力聚合之，又随着各团体试图为己重塑这套体系而拆解之。它具有有机体的特征，因为在其生命期中有些特征在某些方面改变了，而在另一些方面则保持稳定。人们可以按照它功能的内在逻辑，定义其结构在不同时间的强或弱。 ”

至于时间向度，华勒斯坦定义了世界体系的四个时间特色：周期节律代表经济的短期波动，华勒斯坦基于康德拉季耶夫的长波理论，指出资本主义具有约40－50年的扩张-收缩周期，而中心、边陲与半边陲的格局也随之调整。长期趋势一如其名，代表经济成长或衰退等长期的倾向。矛盾是系统内的一般争议，通常是关于短期与长程目标之间的取舍。最后一个特色是危机，这也代表该系统的终结。

严格来说，世界体系论并非一套理论，而是一套研究社会及社会变迁的方法。除了继承新马克思主义的源流，法国年鉴学派对之也颇具影响，其中又以费尔南·布劳岱尔的影响最大。

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