语言相对论（英语：linguistic relativity），也称为萨丕尔-沃夫假说（英语：Sapir–Whorf hypothesis），由语言学家兼人类学家爱德华·萨丕尔（Edward Sapir）及其学生本杰明·李·沃夫所提出，是一门关于人类语言的心理学、语言学假说。这项学说认为，人类的思考模式受到其使用语言的影响，因而对同一事物时可能会有不同的看法，不过这项学说引起了一些争议，也招致了一些批评。
语言相对性原理（萨丕尔-沃夫假说）认为不同语言里所包含的文化概念和分类会影响语言使用者对于现实世界的认知，也就是说不同的语言的使用者会因语言差异而产生思考方式，行为方式的不同。这个“语言结构影响语者认知结构”的说法涉及到人类语言学、心理学、语言心理学、神经语言学、认知科学、语言人类学、语言社会学、语言哲学等多个领域，并在这些领域中被广泛学习。
语言决定论认为语言决定思考模式，不同语系的语言看待世界的方式都不一样，也就呈现了各种语言彼此间的相对性，所以任何民族的语言都与其文化和生活环境的需要而成长和改变。
其他领域
在流行文化中
姜峰楠的短篇小说《你一生的故事》（英文：Story of Your Life）提到了萨丕尔-沃夫假说；2016年美国电影《异星入境》根据《你一生的故事》改编上映。
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