脑膜炎双球菌疫苗

**脑膜炎双球菌疫苗**
疫苗说明
目标疾病	脑膜炎双球菌
种类	?
临床数据
商品名	Menactra, Menomune, MenAfriVac, Other
Drugs.com	Monograph
MedlinePlus	a607020
妊娠分级	Category C;
给药途径	Intramuscular (conjugate), Subcutaneous (polysaccharide)
合法状态
合法状态	US: 处方药（℞-only） ;
识别信息
ATC代码	J07AH01 J07AH02 J07AH03 J07AH04 J07AH05 J07AH06 J07AH07 J07AH08 J07AH09
ChemSpider	none

脑膜炎双球菌疫苗（Meningoccal vaccine）指的是专门预防脑膜炎双球菌感染的疫苗^[1]。不同的疫苗可能对部分或以下几种脑膜炎血清型有效；分别是A、C、W135、和Y等四种。疫苗至少可以在两年内提供大约85%-100%的防疫效果^[1]。只要广泛让民众接种疫苗，它们确实可以降低脑膜炎和败血症的发病机率^[2]^[3]。疫苗可以借由肌肉注射或是皮下注射的方式给药^[1]。

世界卫生组织针对发病率中等或更高甚至是常态性爆发的国家提出建议，应定期施打疫苗^[1]^[4]。而对于低发病率的国家，则建议让高风险族群保持免疫状态^[1]。目前在非洲脑膜炎带的努力目标是希望让一到三十岁的人们可以获得免疫，所以目前脑膜炎A型混合疫苗施打一直在进行^[4]。在加拿大和美国，世界卫生组织建议应让青少年以及高风险族群定期施打可对抗四种不同亚型脑膜炎双球菌的疫苗^[1]该组织也同样希望要前往麦加朝圣的旅客可以施打疫苗^[1]。

小心注意总是好的，有些人在施打疫苗的当下就开始出现疼痛与红疹等症状^[1]。在怀孕期间接受疫苗注射看起来是安全的^[4]，严重过敏反应的发生机率小于一百万分之一^[1]。

第一剂的脑膜炎双球菌疫苗出现在1970年代^[5]，脑膜炎双球菌疫苗是世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单的药品，也代表是在基础医疗中极具重要地位的药物^[6]。2014年，一剂的量贩价约介于3.23到10.77美元间^[7]。在美国，一次的疗程约需花费100到200美元^[8]。

参考资料

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 ^1.7 ^1.8 Meningococcal vaccines: WHO position paper (PDF). Weekly epidemiological record. Nov 2011, 47 (86): 521-540 [2016-03-14]. PMID 22128384.
↑ Patel, M; Lee, CK. Polysaccharide vaccines for preventing serogroup A meningococcal meningitis.. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2005-01-25, (1): CD001093. PMID 15674874.
↑ Conterno, LO; Silva Filho, CR; Rüggeberg, JU; Heath, PT. Conjugate vaccines for preventing meningococcal C meningitis and septicaemia.. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2006-07-19, (3): CD001834. PMID 16855979.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Meningococcal A conjugate vaccine: updated guidance, February 2015. (PDF). Weekly epidemiological record. 20 Feb 2015, 8 (90): 57-68 [2016-03-14]. PMID 25702330.
↑ Barrett, Alan D.T. Vaccinology : an essential guide. 2015: 168. ISBN 9780470656167.
↑ WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines (PDF). World Health Organization. 2013-10 [2014-04-22].
↑ Vaccine, Meningococcal. International Drug Price Indicator Guide. [2015-12-06].
↑ Hamilton, Richart. Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. 2015: 315. ISBN 9781284057560.

[WHO2011-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 ^1.7 ^1.8 Meningococcal vaccines: WHO position paper (PDF). Weekly epidemiological record. Nov 2011, 47 (86): 521-540 [2016-03-14]. PMID 22128384.

[2] Patel, M; Lee, CK. Polysaccharide vaccines for preventing serogroup A meningococcal meningitis.. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2005-01-25, (1): CD001093. PMID 15674874.

[3] Conterno, LO; Silva Filho, CR; Rüggeberg, JU; Heath, PT. Conjugate vaccines for preventing meningococcal C meningitis and septicaemia.. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2006-07-19, (3): CD001834. PMID 16855979.

[WHO2015A-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Meningococcal A conjugate vaccine: updated guidance, February 2015. (PDF). Weekly epidemiological record. 20 Feb 2015, 8 (90): 57-68 [2016-03-14]. PMID 25702330.

[5] Barrett, Alan D.T. Vaccinology : an essential guide. 2015: 168. ISBN 9780470656167.

[6] WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines (PDF). World Health Organization. 2013-10 [2014-04-22].

[7] Vaccine, Meningococcal. International Drug Price Indicator Guide. [2015-12-06].

[Ric2015-8] Hamilton, Richart. Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. 2015: 315. ISBN 9781284057560.

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