| New York City draft riots 纽约征兵暴动 | |
|---|---|
| 美国内战的一部分 | |
 暴民与军队的冲突场面 | |
| 日期 | 1863年7月13日-16日 |
| 地点 | |
| 起因 | 美国内战爆发期间不满国家的不平等征兵 |
| 方法 | 示威、罢工、烧屋、暴动、砸店、攻打征兵总部、攻击黑人 |
| 结果 | 暴动被军队镇压 |
| 伤亡 | |
| 约120人死亡[1] | |
纽约征兵暴动（New York City draft riots）发生于1863年南北战争期间。7月13日，不满征兵制的许多美国纽约爱尔兰裔工人，集体攻打北方政府的征兵机构，主要理由是征兵制度中，富人缴交300美金免于当兵之理由。另外，暴动主因也是大量解放后的黑人抢夺劳工市场。该暴动后来演变攻击黑人商店的大型暴动，期间约持续4天，才被军警镇压。
起因
1861年4月，美国爆发内战，很快地约有10-25万纽约人在联合广场集结[2]。亚伯拉罕·林肯欲征召一支达7万5千人的志愿军，为联邦作战。在首十天内，纽约市共有8000人报名。[2]在1861年7月，第一次马纳沙斯之役使联邦军损失惨重，是次战役的战败使联邦军对战争前景越来越不乐观[2]。当时大部分纽约民主党人反对战争，其中部分人同情邦联军，认为双方进行谈判会较为有利[3]，例如纽约州州长霍拉肖·西摩（Horatio Seymour）反对该战争。[4]
战争期间，联邦军出现了人手不足问题。1863年3月3日，美国国会通过了第一项征兵行动，授权总统能够征召18-35岁的公民参军，每一服役阶段期限为3年[5]。这行动使同情邦联军的人感到恐惧，因为这会壮大联邦的实力，加上当时传出缴交300美金能免于服役[6]，这令低收入的人民不满。同年7月11日，纽约市点名入伍一开始，大批白人涌上街头，攻打征兵总部，烧毁房屋，正式揭开暴动的序幕。[5]
暴动的持续
7月13日，盖茨堡战役胜利后的十天，500名暴徒展开了对政府的攻击，破坏属于市政府的建筑物。同时，在纽约市，白人劳工对于解放后的南方黑人进入劳工市场的不满，而且许多雇主雇用黑人破坏罢工，又有嫉恨，于是便砸毁无辜的黑人家庭和商店，使反征兵暴动演变成攻击黑人商店的大型暴动。暴动变得一发不可收拾，纵使州长曾发表演说，欲使局势稳定下来，但无功而回，最后迫使政府需要动用军警镇压，使暴动才在7月16日结束。
结果
目前为止并无一个确实数字证实死于暴动中的人数，但根据史学家James M. McPherson所说，最少120人死于暴动之中[7]，估计2000人受伤，损失约一百万美元[8]，五十幢建筑物被烧毁。历史学家撒母耳·摩礼逊（Samuel Morison）写道，认为该暴动是邦联军的胜利[8]。8月19日，征兵又继续了，纵使征兵持续了十天，人民仍然并没有更进一步的行动。最后，全国共有75万人被征召，但当中只有4万5千人是自愿的。[9]
参考资料
- ↑ McPherson, James M Oral by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction 399
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Ellis, Edward Robb. The Epic of New York City. Old Town Books. 1966: p. 296.
- ↑ Ellis, Edward Robb. The Epic of New York City. Old Town Books. 1966: p. 297.
- ↑ Littleton, Martin Wilie, James K. McGuire. The Democratic Party of the State of New York: A History of the Origin, Growth and Achievements. United States History Co. 1905: p. 385.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Rhodes, James Ford. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850. Macmillan. 1899: p. 320–323.
- ↑ Lardner, James, and Thomas Reppetto. NYPD: A City and Its Police. Owl Books. 2000: p. 43.
- ↑ McPherson, James M Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction 399
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Morison, Samuel Eliot. The Oxford History of the American People: Volume Two: 1789 Through Reconstruction. Signet. 1972: 451. ISBN 0451622545.
- ↑ David Donald, Civil War and Reconstruction (2002) 229
参考文献
- Bernstein, Iver. The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press. 1990. ISBN 0198021712.
- Cook, Adrian. The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863. University Press of Kentucky. 1974. ISBN 9780813112985.
- Fry, James Barnet. New York and the Conscription of 1863. G.P. Putnam's Sons. 1885.
- Headley, Joel Tyler (1873). The Great Riots of New York, 1712 to 1863 – including and full and complete account of the Four Days' Draft Riot of 1863. E.B. Treat (publisher), stereotyped at the Women's Printing House
- McCabe, James Dabney. The Life and Public Services of Horatio Seymour. Oxford University Press. 1868.
horatio seymour.
- McPherson, James M., Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982, ISBN 978-0-394-52469-6
- Rumsey, David. Map Of New York and Vicinity (1863) 1863. Matthew Dripps. [July 20, 2007].
- Schecter, Barnet. The Devil's Own Work: The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2005. ISBN 080271837X.
- Schecter, Barnet. The Civil War Draft Riots. North & South (Civil War Society). 2007, 10 (1): 72.
延伸阅读
- Dupree, A. Hunter and Leslie H. Fishel, Jr. "An Eyewitness Account of the New York Draft Riots, July, 1863", Mississippi Valley Historical Review vol. 47, no. 3 (December 1960), pp. 472–79. In JSTOR
- United States War and Navy Departments. Official Records of the American Civil War, volume xxvii, part ii. 1889.
- Walling, George W. Recollections of a New York Chief of Police, Chapter 6. 1887.
- New York Evangelist (1830–1902); July 23, 1863; pp. 30, 33; APS Online, pg. 4.
相关影视
参见
外部链接
- Report of the Committee of merchants for the relief of colored people, suffering from the late riots in the city of New York. New York: G. A. Whitehorne, 1863, African American Pamphlet Collection, Library of Congress.
- New York Divided: Slavery and the Civil War Online Exhibit, New York Historical Society, (November 17, 2006 – September 3, 2007, physical exhibit)
- "New York Draft Riots", 2002, source Civil War Society's Civil War Encyclopedia, Civil War Home website
- "New York Draft Riots", First Edition Harper's News Report, sonofthesouth.net
- "1863 New York City Draft Riots", mrlincolnandnewyork.org
- Bill Bigelow, "The Draft Riot Mystery", 9-page lesson plan for High School Students, 2012, Zinn Education Project/Teaching for Change
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