钱德勒福特枪击案：修订间差异

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2007年，[[倫敦警察廳]]专门调查武装抢劫案的机动警察队正追查犯罪团伙，该团伙以马克·努内斯、安德鲁·马克兰为首，大部分成员是南伦敦职业罪犯。努内斯因抢劫入狱多年，2005年获释。<ref>{{cite news | title = Caught in police sniper's sights: Britain's most wanted gunman | last = O'Neill | first = Sean | date = 2008-10-04 | work = [[泰晤士报|The Times]] | page = 5}}</ref>该团伙在2007年9月前一年半以[[伦敦周围各郡]]小城镇、村庄，乃至更加偏远地区的银行为目标，预计警方反应速度和力度都远不及伦敦，距伦敦超160公里的[[布里斯托尔]]都有银行沦为目标<ref name="Smith-2013">{{cite book | last = Smith | first = Stephen | title = Stop! Armed Police! Inside the Met's Firearms Unit | | year = 2013 | publisher = The Crowood Press | location = Ramsbury, Wiltshire | isbn = 9780719808265}}</ref>{{rp|219}}<ref>{{cite news | date = 2008-10-03 | url = https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/3726643.timeline-of-the-chandlers-ford-raid/ | title = Timeline of the Chandler's Ford raid | work = Southern Daily Echo | accessdate = 2021-07-04 | | | }}</ref>。该团伙至少犯下18起抢劫案，他们携带枪击、暴力殴打胆敢反抗的警卫，共抢走约50万英镑<ref>{{cite news | title = Gang boss shot dead as police ended £500,000 robbery spree | last = O'Neill | first = Sean | date = 2008-08-27 | work = The Times | page = 11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Shooting halted armed robbers | last = Simpson | first = Aislinn | date = 2008-08-27 | work = [[每日电讯报|The Daily Telegraph]] | page = 12}}</ref><ref name="Grohmann">{{cite book | last = Grohmann | first = Judith | title = Fighting the War on Terror: Global Counter-Terrorist Units and their Actions | year = 2018 | publisher = Casemate Publishers | location = Oxford | isbn = 9781526727466 | chapter = 1 | at = section: The Chandler's Ford Robbery}}</ref>。
2007年，[[倫敦警察廳]]专门调查武装抢劫案的机动警察队正追查犯罪团伙，该团伙以马克·努内斯、安德鲁·马克兰为首，大部分成员是南伦敦职业罪犯。努内斯因抢劫入狱多年，2005年获释。<ref>{{cite news | title = Caught in police sniper's sights: Britain's most wanted gunman | last = O'Neill | first = Sean | date = 2008-10-04 | work = [[泰晤士报|The Times]] | page = 5}}</ref>该团伙在2007年9月前一年半以[[伦敦周围各郡]]小城镇、村庄，乃至更加偏远地区的银行为目标，预计警方反应速度和力度都远不及伦敦，距伦敦超160公里的[[布里斯托尔]]都有银行沦为目标<ref name="Smith-2013">{{cite book | last = Smith | first = Stephen | title = Stop! Armed Police! Inside the Met's Firearms Unit | | year = 2013 | publisher = The Crowood Press | location = Ramsbury, Wiltshire | isbn = 9780719808265}}</ref>{{rp|219}}<ref>{{cite news | date = 2008-10-03 | url = https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/3726643.timeline-of-the-chandlers-ford-raid/ | title = Timeline of the Chandler's Ford raid | work = Southern Daily Echo | accessdate = 2021-07-04 | | | }}</ref>。该团伙至少犯下18起抢劫案，他们携带枪击、暴力殴打胆敢反抗的警卫，共抢走约50万英镑<ref>{{cite news | title = Gang boss shot dead as police ended £500,000 robbery spree | last = O'Neill | first = Sean | date = 2008-08-27 | work = The Times | page = 11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Shooting halted armed robbers | last = Simpson | first = Aislinn | date = 2008-08-27 | work = [[每日电讯报|The Daily Telegraph]] | page = 12}}</ref><ref name="Grohmann">{{cite book | last = Grohmann | first = Judith | title = Fighting the War on Terror: Global Counter-Terrorist Units and their Actions | year = 2018 | publisher = Casemate Publishers | location = Oxford | isbn = 9781526727466 | chapter = 1 | at = section: The Chandler's Ford Robbery}}</ref>。


机动警察队收到线报，该团伙企图抢劫向[[漢普郡]]钱德勒福特[[滙豐]]分行运送现金的[[G4S]]运输车。努内斯等人以往抢劫时曾用手枪向银行雇员和公众开火，手头还有穿甲弹，警方认定如果安保人员不配合，劫匪会向运输车开枪。机动警察队决定出动伦敦警察厅[[特種槍械司令部]]武警，武警隐蔽在银行附近守株待兔，当场抓获抢劫嫌犯。其他警察在附近建筑观察，狙击手掩护靠近现场的警察，在警员赶到前保护警卫生命安全。<ref name="Smith-2013" />{{rp|219}}<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-15427316 | title = Chandlers Ford bank robber 'had armour-piercing bullets' | date = 2011-10-24 | publisher = [[英國廣播公司新聞|BBC News]] | accessdate = 2021-07-04 | | | }}</ref>当地警方[[汉普郡警队]]同意行动由伦敦警察厅指挥，代号“赫洛克行动”<ref name="Squires-Kennison-2010" />{{rp|184}}<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-15522909 | title = Shot Mark Nunes and Andrew Markland 'had armour-piercing bullets' | date = 2011-10-31 | publisher = BBC News | accessdate = 2021-07-04 | | | }}</ref>。
机动警察队收到线报，该团伙企图抢劫向[[漢普郡]]钱德勒福特[[滙豐]]分行运送现金的[[G4S]]运输车。努内斯等人以往抢劫时曾用手枪向银行雇员和公众开火，手头还有穿甲弹，警方认定如果安保人员不配合，劫匪会向运输车开枪。机动警察队决定出动伦敦警察厅[[特種槍械司令部]]武警，武警隐蔽在银行附近守株待兔，当场抓获抢劫嫌犯。其他警察在附近建筑观察，狙击手掩护靠近现场的警察，在警员赶到前保护警卫生命安全。<ref name="Smith-2013" />{{rp|219}}<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-15427316 | title = Chandlers Ford bank robber 'had armour-piercing bullets' | date = 2011-10-24 | publisher = [[英国广播公司新聞|BBC News]] | accessdate = 2021-07-04 | | | }}</ref>当地警方[[汉普郡警队]]同意行动由伦敦警察厅指挥，代号“赫洛克行动”<ref name="Squires-Kennison-2010" />{{rp|184}}<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-15522909 | title = Shot Mark Nunes and Andrew Markland 'had armour-piercing bullets' | date = 2011-10-31 | publisher = BBC News | accessdate = 2021-07-04 | | | }}</ref>。


== 劫案 ==
== 劫案 ==
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[[File:Chandler's Ford robbery.jpg|缩略图|警察监控录像截图，显示戴面罩的内努斯用枪对准警卫，其他劫匪受审、以及内努斯与马克兰的死因研讯时，陪审团都能看到这段录像]]
[[File:Chandler's Ford robbery.jpg|缩略图|警察监控录像截图，显示戴面罩的内努斯用枪对准警卫，其他劫匪受审、以及内努斯与马克兰的死因研讯时，陪审团都能看到这段录像]]


伦敦警察厅此后几天在伦敦各地武装突袭，抓获七名劫匪团伙。他们被控为钱德勒福特劫案及另外17起抢劫案同谋，法庭2008年8月裁定所有人罪名成立，判决五到十七年有期徒刑。<ref name="Smith-2013" />{{rp|220}}<ref>{{cite news | title = Armed robber seconds from death; Security van gang convicted after police marksman kills their ringleaders | last = Britten | first = Nick | date = 2008-10-04 | work = [[每日电讯报|The Daily Telegraph]] | page = 17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7604138.stm | title = How time ran out for robbery gang | last = Summers | first = Chris | date = 2008-11-03 | publisher = [[英國廣播公司新聞|BBC News]] | accessdate = 2021-07-04 | | | }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Long jail sentences for robbers who netted £500,00 | date = 2008-11-04 | work = The Times | page = 20}}</ref>检方庭审时向陪审团展示警方在狙击手位置拍摄的监控录像，录有劫案全过程，包括内努斯与马克兰中枪的画面<ref>{{cite news | | work = [[獨立報|The Independent]] | | title = Court sees footage of bank robber shooting | accessdate = 2021-07-04 | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/court-sees-footage-of-bank-robber-shooting-911476.html | | date = 2008-08-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/7586247.stm | title = Jurors shown bank raid shootings | date = 2008-08-28 | publisher = BBC News | accessdate = 2021-07-04 | | | }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/7637913.stm | title = Shoot-out before stunned onlookers | last = Fox | first = Kieran | date = 2008-10-03 | publisher = BBC News | accessdate = 2021-07-04 | | | }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/3809334.chandlers-ford-shooting-four-were-convicted-armed-robbers/ | title = Chandler's Ford shooting: Four were convicted armed robbers | date = 2008-10-31 | work = Southern Daily Echo | accessdate = 2021-07-04 | | | }}</ref>。录像截图后向媒体公布<ref>{{cite news | accessdate = 2021-07-04 | | | url = https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/3726646.dramatic-footage-captured-by-police-surveillance-team/ | title = Dramatic footage captured by police surveillance team | date = 2008-10-03 | work = Southern Daily Echo | }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-15154156 | title = Jury sees footage of Mark Nunes and Andrew Markland shootings | date = 2011-10-03 | publisher = BBC News | accessdate = 2021-07-04 | | | }}</ref>。录像画面可见戴面罩的男子（内努斯）用枪对准警卫上前，警察用无线电呼叫：“抢劫，抢劫。开枪，开枪，快开枪！枪口已经对准他（指警卫）的脑袋”，然后马上响起枪声。<ref name="Squires-Kennison-2010" />{{rp|190}}
伦敦警察厅此后几天在伦敦各地武装突袭，抓获七名劫匪团伙。他们被控为钱德勒福特劫案及另外17起抢劫案同谋，法庭2008年8月裁定所有人罪名成立，判决五到十七年有期徒刑。<ref name="Smith-2013" />{{rp|220}}<ref>{{cite news | title = Armed robber seconds from death; Security van gang convicted after police marksman kills their ringleaders | last = Britten | first = Nick | date = 2008-10-04 | work = [[每日电讯报|The Daily Telegraph]] | page = 17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7604138.stm | title = How time ran out for robbery gang | last = Summers | first = Chris | date = 2008-11-03 | publisher = [[英国广播公司新聞|BBC News]] | accessdate = 2021-07-04 | | | }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Long jail sentences for robbers who netted £500,00 | date = 2008-11-04 | work = The Times | page = 20}}</ref>检方庭审时向陪审团展示警方在狙击手位置拍摄的监控录像，录有劫案全过程，包括内努斯与马克兰中枪的画面<ref>{{cite news | | work = [[獨立報|The Independent]] | | title = Court sees footage of bank robber shooting | accessdate = 2021-07-04 | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/court-sees-footage-of-bank-robber-shooting-911476.html | | date = 2008-08-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/7586247.stm | title = Jurors shown bank raid shootings | date = 2008-08-28 | publisher = BBC News | accessdate = 2021-07-04 | | | }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/7637913.stm | title = Shoot-out before stunned onlookers | last = Fox | first = Kieran | date = 2008-10-03 | publisher = BBC News | accessdate = 2021-07-04 | | | }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/3809334.chandlers-ford-shooting-four-were-convicted-armed-robbers/ | title = Chandler's Ford shooting: Four were convicted armed robbers | date = 2008-10-31 | work = Southern Daily Echo | accessdate = 2021-07-04 | | | }}</ref>。录像截图后向媒体公布<ref>{{cite news | accessdate = 2021-07-04 | | | url = https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/3726646.dramatic-footage-captured-by-police-surveillance-team/ | title = Dramatic footage captured by police surveillance team | date = 2008-10-03 | work = Southern Daily Echo | }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-15154156 | title = Jury sees footage of Mark Nunes and Andrew Markland shootings | date = 2011-10-03 | publisher = BBC News | accessdate = 2021-07-04 | | | }}</ref>。录像画面可见戴面罩的男子（内努斯）用枪对准警卫上前，警察用无线电呼叫：“抢劫，抢劫。开枪，开枪，快开枪！枪口已经对准他（指警卫）的脑袋”，然后马上响起枪声。<ref name="Squires-Kennison-2010" />{{rp|190}}


现场只有警方开枪，[[英国独立监察警方处理投诉委员会]]开展调查<ref name="Smith-2013" />{{rp|221}}<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/sep/13/ukcrime.ukguns | title = Two robbers shot dead in failed bank raid | last = Batty | first = David | date = 2007-09-13 | work = [[衛報|The Guardian]] | | | accessdate = 2021-07-04 | }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/6992936.stm | title = Two men killed during 'bank raid' | date = 2007-09-13 | publisher = BBC News | accessdate = 2021-07-04 | | }}</ref>，2008年10月公布的初步报告认为“行动实施方面尚具不足”，但警方枪手行事得当，符合国家武警行为准则<ref name="Squires-Kennison-2010" />{{rp|185, 190}}<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/7645757.stm | title = Four guilty over armed bank raids | date = 2008-10-03 | publisher = BBC News | accessdate = 2021-07-04 | | | }}</ref>。
现场只有警方开枪，[[英国独立监察警方处理投诉委员会]]开展调查<ref name="Smith-2013" />{{rp|221}}<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/sep/13/ukcrime.ukguns | title = Two robbers shot dead in failed bank raid | last = Batty | first = David | date = 2007-09-13 | work = [[衛報|The Guardian]] | | | accessdate = 2021-07-04 | }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/6992936.stm | title = Two men killed during 'bank raid' | date = 2007-09-13 | publisher = BBC News | accessdate = 2021-07-04 | | }}</ref>，2008年10月公布的初步报告认为“行动实施方面尚具不足”，但警方枪手行事得当，符合国家武警行为准则<ref name="Squires-Kennison-2010" />{{rp|185, 190}}<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/7645757.stm | title = Four guilty over armed bank raids | date = 2008-10-03 | publisher = BBC News | accessdate = 2021-07-04 | | | }}</ref>。
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