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小 (机器人:清理不当的来源、移除无用的模板参数) |
小 (机器人:清理不当的来源、移除无用的模板参数;整理源码) |
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[[File:Oil platform P-51 (Brazil).jpg| |
[[File:Oil platform P-51 (Brazil).jpg|thumb|[[巴西]]海域的石油平台的P-51是一种[[半潜式平台]]。]] |
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[[File:11-09-fotofluege-cux-allg-25a.jpg| |
[[File:11-09-fotofluege-cux-allg-25a.jpg|thumb|[[德国]]北方海域的石油平台的{{link-en|Mittelplate|Mittelplate}}]] |
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'''石油平台''',或称'''鑽油平台'''({{lang-en|oil platform、offshore platform、oil rig}}),是一个位于海上的大型的结构设施,用于[[鑽井]]提取[[石油]]和[[天然气]],并暫时储存,直到石油被运送到陆地上的[[炼油厂]]去裂解原油成为产品。 在许多情況下,该平台包含开采设施以及容纳劳动力的居住区。 |
'''石油平台''',或称'''鑽油平台'''({{lang-en|oil platform、offshore platform、oil rig}}),是一个位于海上的大型的结构设施,用于[[鑽井]]提取[[石油]]和[[天然气]],并暫时储存,直到石油被运送到陆地上的[[炼油厂]]去裂解原油成为产品。 在许多情況下,该平台包含开采设施以及容纳劳动力的居住区。 |
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== 历史 == |
== 历史 == |
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[[File:Gulf Offshore Platform.jpg| |
[[File:Gulf Offshore Platform.jpg|thumb|right|[[墨西哥湾]]的钻井平台]] |
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世界上第一次从水下油井打出石油是在1891年,这个油井位于俄亥俄州的圣玛丽大湖上的木桩上。 |
世界上第一次从水下油井打出石油是在1891年,这个油井位于俄亥俄州的圣玛丽大湖上的木桩上。 |
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== 种类 == |
== 种类 == |
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石油平台是在世界最大的可移动的人造结构。 有几种类型: |
石油平台是在世界最大的可移动的人造结构。 有几种类型: |
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[[File:Types of offshore oil and gas structures.jpg| |
[[File:Types of offshore oil and gas structures.jpg|thumb|600px|center|1, 2) 传统的固定平台; 3) 顺应塔式平台; 4, 5) 张力腿平台; 6) Spar平台 ; 7,8) 半潜式平台; 9) 浮式生产,储存和卸载裝置(FPSO); 10) sub-sea completion and tie-back to host facility.<ref>{{cite web | author=Office of Ocean Exploration and Research | title=Types of Offshore Oil and Gas Structures | work=NOAA Ocean Explorer: Expedition to the Deep Slope | url=http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/06mexico/background/oil/media/types_600.html | publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | date=15 December 2008 | accessdate=23 May 2010 }}</ref>]] |
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=== 固定平台 === |
=== 固定平台 === |
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=== 半潜式平台 === |
=== 半潜式平台 === |
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{{main|半潜式平台}} |
{{main|半潜式平台}} |
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[[File:Deepwater drilling systems 2.png| |
[[File:Deepwater drilling systems 2.png|thumb|250px|半潜式(左)、钻井船(右)]] |
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[[半潜式平台]]由坐底式平台发展而来,上部为工作甲板,下部为两个下船体,用支撑立柱连接。工作时下船体潜入水中,甲板处于水上安全高度,水线面积小,波浪影响小,稳定性好、自持力强、工作水深大,新发展的动力定位技术用于半潜式平台后,工作水深可达900-1200米。半潜式与自升式钻井平台相比,优点是工作水深大,移动灵活;缺点是投资大,维持费用高,需有一套复杂的水下器具,有效使用率低于自升式钻井平台。 |
[[半潜式平台]]由坐底式平台发展而来,上部为工作甲板,下部为两个下船体,用支撑立柱连接。工作时下船体潜入水中,甲板处于水上安全高度,水线面积小,波浪影响小,稳定性好、自持力强、工作水深大,新发展的动力定位技术用于半潜式平台后,工作水深可达900-1200米。半潜式与自升式钻井平台相比,优点是工作水深大,移动灵活;缺点是投资大,维持费用高,需有一套复杂的水下器具,有效使用率低于自升式钻井平台。 |
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=== 张力腿平台 === |
=== 张力腿平台 === |
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{{link-en|张力腿平台|Tension-leg platform}} |
{{link-en|张力腿平台|Tension-leg platform}} |
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=== Spar 平台 === |
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=== Normally unmanned installations (NUI) === |
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=== Conductor support systems === |
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== 维护和供应 == |
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== 缺点 == |
== 缺点 == |
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=== 风险 === |
=== 风险 === |
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# 石油泄漏,破坏生态环境 |
# 石油泄漏,破坏生态环境 |
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# 造成大陆架下沉,引发地震/海底火山爆发 |
# 造成大陆架下沉,引发地震/海底火山爆发 |
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=== 生态效应 === |
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== 记录 == |
== 记录 == |
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=== 特别大 === |
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=== 深度 === |
=== 深度 === |
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* {{link-en|Petronius Platform|Petronius Platform}}, {{convert|535|m|abbr=on}} |
* {{link-en|Petronius Platform|Petronius Platform}}, {{convert|535|m|abbr=on}} |
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* [http://www.parliament.uk/post/pn065.pdf Oil Rig Disposal (pdf)] — Post note issued by the UK Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology. |
* [http://www.parliament.uk/post/pn065.pdf Oil Rig Disposal (pdf)] — Post note issued by the UK Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology. |
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* [http://www.vulcanhammer.info/off/conventional.php Overview of Conventional Platforms] Pictoral treatment on the installation of platforms which extend from the seabed to the ocean surface |
* [http://www.vulcanhammer.info/off/conventional.php Overview of Conventional Platforms] Pictoral treatment on the installation of platforms which extend from the seabed to the ocean surface |
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* [http://www.sfu.ca/cstudies/science/oilgas.htm Exploring the Future of Offshore Oil and Gas Development in BC: Lessons from the Atlantic] |
* [http://www.sfu.ca/cstudies/science/oilgas.htm Exploring the Future of Offshore Oil and Gas Development in BC: Lessons from the Atlantic] |
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* [http://www.offshore-mag.com/drillingandcompletion/ Offshore Oil Drilling News] Offshore Oil Drilling News |
* [http://www.offshore-mag.com/drillingandcompletion/ Offshore Oil Drilling News] Offshore Oil Drilling News |
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* [http://oilrigdisasters.co.uk/ Oil Rig Disasters] Listing of Oil Rig Accidents |
* [http://oilrigdisasters.co.uk/ Oil Rig Disasters] Listing of Oil Rig Accidents |
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* [http://divinglore.com/Offshore_Platforms.htm An independent review of Offshore Platforms in the North Sea] |
* [http://divinglore.com/Offshore_Platforms.htm An independent review of Offshore Platforms in the North Sea] |
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* [http://www.maureenalpha.eu/ The Maureen Alpha Story] |
* [http://www.maureenalpha.eu/ The Maureen Alpha Story] |
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* [http://www.spacewx.com/SpaceWater.html Novel concept to use off-shore oil platforms for fresh water production] |
* [http://www.spacewx.com/SpaceWater.html Novel concept to use off-shore oil platforms for fresh water production] |
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* [http://semicultured.com/?q=node%2F111 Touring the Hermosa Oil Platform off the coast of Lompoc, California] |
* [http://semicultured.com/?q=node%2F111 Touring the Hermosa Oil Platform off the coast of Lompoc, California] |
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* [http://www.oil-jobs-offshore.com/jobs.html Oil Rig Jobs] |
* [http://www.oil-jobs-offshore.com/jobs.html Oil Rig Jobs] |
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[[Category:石油基础设施]] |
[[Category:石油基础设施]] |