石油平台:修订间差异

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[[File:Oil platform P-51 (Brazil).jpg|缩略图|[[巴西]]海域的石油平台的P-51是一种[[半潜式平台]]。]]
[[File:Oil platform P-51 (Brazil).jpg|thumb|[[巴西]]海域的石油平台的P-51是一种[[半潜式平台]]。]]
[[File:11-09-fotofluege-cux-allg-25a.jpg|缩略图|[[德国]]北方海域的石油平台的{{link-en|Mittelplate|Mittelplate}}]]
[[File:11-09-fotofluege-cux-allg-25a.jpg|thumb|[[德国]]北方海域的石油平台的{{link-en|Mittelplate|Mittelplate}}]]
'''石油平台''',或称'''鑽油平台'''({{lang-en|oil platform、offshore platform、oil rig}}),是一个位于海上的大型的结构设施,用于[[鑽井]]提取[[石油]]和[[天然气]],并暫时储存,直到石油被运送到陆地上的[[炼油厂]]去裂解原油成为产品。 在许多情況下,该平台包含开采设施以及容纳劳动力的居住区。
'''石油平台''',或称'''鑽油平台'''({{lang-en|oil platform、offshore platform、oil rig}}),是一个位于海上的大型的结构设施,用于[[鑽井]]提取[[石油]]和[[天然气]],并暫时储存,直到石油被运送到陆地上的[[炼油厂]]去裂解原油成为产品。 在许多情況下,该平台包含开采设施以及容纳劳动力的居住区。


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== 历史 ==
== 历史 ==
[[File:Gulf Offshore Platform.jpg|缩略图||[[墨西哥湾]]的钻井平台]]
[[File:Gulf Offshore Platform.jpg|thumb|right|[[墨西哥湾]]的钻井平台]]
世界上第一次从水下油井打出石油是在1891年,这个油井位于俄亥俄州的圣玛丽大湖上的木桩上。
世界上第一次从水下油井打出石油是在1891年,这个油井位于俄亥俄州的圣玛丽大湖上的木桩上。


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== 种类 ==
== 种类 ==
石油平台是在世界最大的可移动的人造结构。 有几种类型:
石油平台是在世界最大的可移动的人造结构。 有几种类型:
[[File:Types of offshore oil and gas structures.jpg|缩略图|600px|居中|1, 2) 传统的固定平台; 3) 顺应塔式平台; 4, 5) 张力腿平台; 6) Spar平台 ; 7,8) 半潜式平台; 9) 浮式生产,储存和卸载裝置(FPSO); 10) sub-sea completion and tie-back to host facility.<ref>{{cite web | author=Office of Ocean Exploration and Research | title=Types of Offshore Oil and Gas Structures | work=NOAA Ocean Explorer: Expedition to the Deep Slope | url=http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/06mexico/background/oil/media/types_600.html | publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | date=15 December 2008 | accessdate=23 May 2010 | | | }}</ref>]]
[[File:Types of offshore oil and gas structures.jpg|thumb|600px|center|1, 2) 传统的固定平台; 3) 顺应塔式平台; 4, 5) 张力腿平台; 6) Spar平台 ; 7,8) 半潜式平台; 9) 浮式生产,储存和卸载裝置(FPSO); 10) sub-sea completion and tie-back to host facility.<ref>{{cite web | author=Office of Ocean Exploration and Research | title=Types of Offshore Oil and Gas Structures | work=NOAA Ocean Explorer: Expedition to the Deep Slope | url=http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/06mexico/background/oil/media/types_600.html | publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | date=15 December 2008 | accessdate=23 May 2010 }}</ref>]]


=== 固定平台 ===
=== 固定平台 ===
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=== 半潜式平台 ===
=== 半潜式平台 ===
{{main|半潜式平台}}
{{main|半潜式平台}}
[[File:Deepwater drilling systems 2.png|缩略图|250px|半潜式(左)、钻井船(右)]]
[[File:Deepwater drilling systems 2.png|thumb|250px|半潜式(左)、钻井船(右)]]
[[半潜式平台]]由坐底式平台发展而来,上部为工作甲板,下部为两个下船体,用支撑立柱连接。工作时下船体潜入水中,甲板处于水上安全高度,水线面积小,波浪影响小,稳定性好、自持力强、工作水深大,新发展的动力定位技术用于半潜式平台后,工作水深可达900-1200米。半潜式与自升式钻井平台相比,优点是工作水深大,移动灵活;缺点是投资大,维持费用高,需有一套复杂的水下器具,有效使用率低于自升式钻井平台。
[[半潜式平台]]由坐底式平台发展而来,上部为工作甲板,下部为两个下船体,用支撑立柱连接。工作时下船体潜入水中,甲板处于水上安全高度,水线面积小,波浪影响小,稳定性好、自持力强、工作水深大,新发展的动力定位技术用于半潜式平台后,工作水深可达900-1200米。半潜式与自升式钻井平台相比,优点是工作水深大,移动灵活;缺点是投资大,维持费用高,需有一套复杂的水下器具,有效使用率低于自升式钻井平台。


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=== 张力腿平台 ===
=== 张力腿平台 ===
{{link-en|张力腿平台|Tension-leg platform}}
{{link-en|张力腿平台|Tension-leg platform}}
=== Spar 平台 ===
=== Normally unmanned installations (NUI) ===
=== Conductor support systems ===

== 维护和供应 ==

== 缺点 ==
== 缺点 ==
=== 风险 ===
=== 风险 ===
# 石油泄漏,破坏生态环境
# 石油泄漏,破坏生态环境
# 造成大陆架下沉,引发地震/海底火山爆发
# 造成大陆架下沉,引发地震/海底火山爆发

=== 生态效应 ===


== 记录 ==
== 记录 ==
=== 特别大 ===
=== 深度 ===
=== 深度 ===
* {{link-en|Petronius Platform|Petronius Platform}}, {{convert|535|m|abbr=on}}
* {{link-en|Petronius Platform|Petronius Platform}}, {{convert|535|m|abbr=on}}
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* [http://www.parliament.uk/post/pn065.pdf Oil Rig Disposal (pdf)] — Post note issued by the UK Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology.
* [http://www.parliament.uk/post/pn065.pdf Oil Rig Disposal (pdf)] — Post note issued by the UK Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology.
* [http://www.vulcanhammer.info/off/conventional.php Overview of Conventional Platforms] Pictoral treatment on the installation of platforms which extend from the seabed to the ocean surface
* [http://www.vulcanhammer.info/off/conventional.php Overview of Conventional Platforms] Pictoral treatment on the installation of platforms which extend from the seabed to the ocean surface
* [http://www.sfu.ca/cstudies/science/oilgas.htm Exploring the Future of Offshore Oil and Gas Development in BC: Lessons from the Atlantic]
* [http://www.sfu.ca/cstudies/science/oilgas.htm Exploring the Future of Offshore Oil and Gas Development in BC: Lessons from the Atlantic]
* [http://www.offshore-mag.com/drillingandcompletion/ Offshore Oil Drilling News] Offshore Oil Drilling News
* [http://www.offshore-mag.com/drillingandcompletion/ Offshore Oil Drilling News] Offshore Oil Drilling News
* [http://oilrigdisasters.co.uk/ Oil Rig Disasters] Listing of Oil Rig Accidents
* [http://oilrigdisasters.co.uk/ Oil Rig Disasters] Listing of Oil Rig Accidents
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* [http://divinglore.com/Offshore_Platforms.htm An independent review of Offshore Platforms in the North Sea]
* [http://divinglore.com/Offshore_Platforms.htm An independent review of Offshore Platforms in the North Sea]
* [http://www.maureenalpha.eu/ The Maureen Alpha Story]
* [http://www.maureenalpha.eu/ The Maureen Alpha Story]
* [http://www.spacewx.com/SpaceWater.html Novel concept to use off-shore oil platforms for fresh water production]
* [http://www.spacewx.com/SpaceWater.html Novel concept to use off-shore oil platforms for fresh water production]
* [http://semicultured.com/?q=node%2F111 Touring the Hermosa Oil Platform off the coast of Lompoc, California]
* [http://semicultured.com/?q=node%2F111 Touring the Hermosa Oil Platform off the coast of Lompoc, California]
* [http://www.oil-jobs-offshore.com/jobs.html Oil Rig Jobs]
* [http://www.oil-jobs-offshore.com/jobs.html Oil Rig Jobs]


[[Category:石油基础设施]]
[[Category:石油基础设施]]