激素：修订间差异

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{{TA|G1=ME|G2=LS}}
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{{Redirect2|荷尔蒙|泰国剧集|荷尔蒙 (泰国剧集)}}
{{Redirect2|荷尔蒙|泰国剧集|荷尔蒙 (泰国剧集)}}
[[File:Adrenaline_chemical_structure.png|右|缩略图|[[肾上腺素]]——[[儿茶酚胺]]类激素之一。|200px]]
[[File:Adrenaline_chemical_structure.png|right|thumb|[[肾上腺素]]——[[儿茶酚胺]]类激素之一。|200px]]


'''激素'''（英语：'''hormone'''）也音译作'''荷尔蒙'''或'''贺尔蒙'''，在希腊文原意为“兴奋活动”。
'''激素'''（英语：'''hormone'''）也音译作'''荷尔蒙'''或'''贺尔蒙'''，在希腊文原意为“兴奋活动”。


激素是指体内的某一细胞、腺体或者器官所产生的可以影响机体内其他细胞活动的化学物质。仅需很小剂量的激素便可以改变细胞的[[新陈代谢]]。可以说激素是一种从一个细胞传递到另一个细胞的化学信使<ref>{{cite web |title = Hormones |url = http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hormones.html |accessdate = 2013-04-07 |||}}</ref>。
激素是指体内的某一细胞、腺体或者器官所产生的可以影响机体内其他细胞活动的化学物质。仅需很小剂量的激素便可以改变细胞的[[新陈代谢]]。可以说激素是一种从一个细胞传递到另一个细胞的化学信使<ref>{{cite web |title = Hormones |url = http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hormones.html |accessdate = 2013-04-07 }}</ref>。


此外，“内分泌”一词，是指激素的分泌，或对其分泌形态的描述，但也可作为激素的别称；例如内分泌失调，其实是指激素失调。
此外，“内分泌”一词，是指激素的分泌，或对其分泌形态的描述，但也可作为激素的别称；例如内分泌失调，其实是指激素失调。
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{{See also|讯息传递 (生物)}}
{{See also|讯息传递 (生物)}}


激素进行信号转导包含以下几个方面<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001306 |title = Hormonal Signal Amplification Mediates Environmental Conditions during Development and Controls an Irreversible Commitment to Adulthood |publisher = PLOS Biology |accessdate = 2013-04-08 |author = Oren N. Schaedel, Birgit Gerisch, Adam Antebi mail, Paul W. Sternberg |||}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookendocr.html |title = THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM |accessdate = 2013-04-08 |||}}</ref>：
激素进行信号转导包含以下几个方面<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001306 |title = Hormonal Signal Amplification Mediates Environmental Conditions during Development and Controls an Irreversible Commitment to Adulthood |publisher = PLOS Biology |accessdate = 2013-04-08 |author = Oren N. Schaedel, Birgit Gerisch, Adam Antebi mail, Paul W. Sternberg }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookendocr.html |title = THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM |accessdate = 2013-04-08 }}</ref>：
# 在特定的组织中[[生物合成]]特殊的激素
# 在特定的组织中[[生物合成]]特殊的激素
# 存储并分泌激素
# 存储并分泌激素
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有一类名为[[促激素|促内分泌腺激素]]的激素可以刺激其他内分泌腺体产生激素产物。例如[[促甲状腺激素]]可以促进甲状腺的生长，并提高其活性，使其生产更多的[[甲状腺激素]]。
有一类名为[[促激素|促内分泌腺激素]]的激素可以刺激其他内分泌腺体产生激素产物。例如[[促甲状腺激素]]可以促进甲状腺的生长，并提高其活性，使其生产更多的[[甲状腺激素]]。


还有一类被确认的激素名叫“饥饿激素”，这类激素包括[[生长激素释放肽]]（Ghrelin）<ref>{{cite journal |title = 生长激素释放肽（ghrelin）促生长作用和应用前景 |author = 来景辉, 范红结 |journal = 动物营养学报 |doi = 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2011.07.003}}</ref>、[[食欲肽]]和[[多肽YY激素]]，另一类激素名为“食欲抑制激素”，这类激素包括[[胆囊收缩素]]、[[肥胖荷尔蒙]]、[[Nesfatin-1]]、[[肥胖抑制素]]（Obestatin）<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bioon.com/biology/genetics/317259.shtml |title = Science：“肥胖抑制素Obestatin” 未来减肥药 |accessdate = 2013-04-08 |||}}</ref>。
还有一类被确认的激素名叫“饥饿激素”，这类激素包括[[生长激素释放肽]]（Ghrelin）<ref>{{cite journal |title = 生长激素释放肽（ghrelin）促生长作用和应用前景 |author = 来景辉, 范红结 |journal = 动物营养学报 |doi = 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2011.07.003}}</ref>、[[食欲肽]]和[[多肽YY激素]]，另一类激素名为“食欲抑制激素”，这类激素包括[[胆囊收缩素]]、[[肥胖荷尔蒙]]、[[Nesfatin-1]]、[[肥胖抑制素]]（Obestatin）<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bioon.com/biology/genetics/317259.shtml |title = Science：“肥胖抑制素Obestatin” 未来减肥药 |accessdate = 2013-04-08 }}</ref>。


为了能够使激素尽快进入[[循环系统]]中，合成激素的细胞可以生产并储存无活性的的激素，这类激素以[[激素原]]和[[前激素]]的形式存在，并能够在受到刺激时迅速转换为具有活性的分子形式。
为了能够使激素尽快进入[[循环系统]]中，合成激素的细胞可以生产并储存无活性的的激素，这类激素以[[激素原]]和[[前激素]]的形式存在，并能够在受到刺激时迅速转换为具有活性的分子形式。
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== 激素的作用效果 ==
== 激素的作用效果 ==
对于哺乳动物而言，激素会对动物身体起到以下效果：
对于哺乳动物而言，激素会对动物身体起到以下效果：
* 促进或抑制生物生长<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001176.htm |title = Growth hormone deficiency - children: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine |accessdate = 2013-04-11 |||}}</ref>
* 促进或抑制生物生长<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001176.htm |title = Growth hormone deficiency - children: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine |accessdate = 2013-04-11 }}</ref>
* 导致[[情绪波动]]<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/mind/articles/emotions/teenagers/moods.shtml |title = Teenage Mood Swings |publisher = BBC |accessdate = 2013-04-11 |||}}</ref>
* 导致[[情绪波动]]<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/mind/articles/emotions/teenagers/moods.shtml |title = Teenage Mood Swings |publisher = BBC |accessdate = 2013-04-11 }}</ref>
* 诱发或抑制[[细胞凋亡]]<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9625357 |title = Hormonal control of programmed cell death/apoptosis. |author = Kiess W, Gallaher B |journal= EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY |year = 1998 |doi = 10.1530/eje.0.1380482}}</ref>
* 诱发或抑制[[细胞凋亡]]<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9625357 |title = Hormonal control of programmed cell death/apoptosis. |author = Kiess W, Gallaher B |journal= EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY |year = 1998 |doi = 10.1530/eje.0.1380482}}</ref>
* 激活或抑制[[免疫系统]]<ref>{{cite journal |url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1474-9728.2004.00109.x/abstract;jsessionid=DC7C87007CA69AC43AF60804862246A5.d02t02 |title = Hormones and immune function: implications of aging |author = Wiebke Arlt, Martin Hewison |journal = Aging Cell |year = 2004 |doi = 10.1111/j.1474-9728.2004.00109.x |access-date = 2013-04-11 |||}}</ref>
* 激活或抑制[[免疫系统]]<ref>{{cite journal |url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1474-9728.2004.00109.x/abstract;jsessionid=DC7C87007CA69AC43AF60804862246A5.d02t02 |title = Hormones and immune function: implications of aging |author = Wiebke Arlt, Martin Hewison |journal = Aging Cell |year = 2004 |doi = 10.1111/j.1474-9728.2004.00109.x |access-date = 2013-04-11 }}</ref>
* 调节[[新陈代谢]]<ref>{{cite web |url = http://watcut.uwaterloo.ca/webnotes/Metabolism/page-13.html |title = Hormonal regulation of metabolism |publisher = University of Waterloo |accessdate = 2013-04-11 |author = Michael Palmer |||}}</ref>
* 调节[[新陈代谢]]<ref>{{cite web |url = http://watcut.uwaterloo.ca/webnotes/Metabolism/page-13.html |title = Hormonal regulation of metabolism |publisher = University of Waterloo |accessdate = 2013-04-11 |author = Michael Palmer }}</ref>
* 为[[交配]]、[[战斗或逃跑反应|战斗或逃跑]]等行为做准备<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/rapid-effects-of-steroid-hormones-on-animal-15104619 |title = Rapid Effects of Steroid Hormones on Animal Behavior |publisher = Nature |accessdate = 2013-04-11 |author = Michael Q. Steinman, Brian C. Trainor |||}}</ref>
* 为[[交配]]、[[战斗或逃跑反应|战斗或逃跑]]等行为做准备<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/rapid-effects-of-steroid-hormones-on-animal-15104619 |title = Rapid Effects of Steroid Hormones on Animal Behavior |publisher = Nature |accessdate = 2013-04-11 |author = Michael Q. Steinman, Brian C. Trainor }}</ref>
* 为新的生命阶段（例如[[青春期]]、[[更年期]]等）做准备<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1988/5/88.05.06.x.html |title = The Effect of Hormones on Female Sexuality and Menopause |publisher = Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute |accessdate = 2013-04-11 |author = Grayce P. Storey |||}}</ref>
* 为新的生命阶段（例如[[青春期]]、[[更年期]]等）做准备<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1988/5/88.05.06.x.html |title = The Effect of Hormones on Female Sexuality and Menopause |publisher = Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute |accessdate = 2013-04-11 |author = Grayce P. Storey }}</ref>
* 控制[[生物生命周期|繁殖周期]]<ref>{{cite journal |url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc301805/ |title = Hormonal characteristics of the human menstrual cycle throughout reproductive life. |author = B M Sherman, S G Korenman |journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation | year=1975 | doi=10.1172/JCI107979}}</ref>
* 控制[[生物生命周期|繁殖周期]]<ref>{{cite journal |url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc301805/ |title = Hormonal characteristics of the human menstrual cycle throughout reproductive life. |author = B M Sherman, S G Korenman |journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation | year=1975 | doi=10.1172/JCI107979}}</ref>
* 产生饥饿和渴的感觉<ref>{{cite book |title = Psychoendokrinologie und Psychoimmunologie |publisher = Springer Berlin Heidelberg |author = Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Ulrike Ehlert, Prof. Dr. med. Roland von Känel |year = 2011 |pages = 151-162 |isbn = 978-3-642-16963-2}}</ref>
* 产生饥饿和渴的感觉<ref>{{cite book |title = Psychoendokrinologie und Psychoimmunologie |publisher = Springer Berlin Heidelberg |author = Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Ulrike Ehlert, Prof. Dr. med. Roland von Känel |year = 2011 |pages = 151-162 |isbn = 978-3-642-16963-2}}</ref>
* 产生[[性刺激|性兴奋或性冲动]]<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.apa.org/monitor/2011/03/hormones.aspx |title = Hormones & desire |publisher = American Psychological Association |accessdate = 2013-04-11 |author = Bridget Murray Law |||}}</ref>
* 产生[[性刺激|性兴奋或性冲动]]<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.apa.org/monitor/2011/03/hormones.aspx |title = Hormones & desire |publisher = American Psychological Association |accessdate = 2013-04-11 |author = Bridget Murray Law }}</ref>


一种激素也可以影响其他激素的合成与释放，激素信号通过[[稳态]]来调节体内内环境。
一种激素也可以影响其他激素的合成与释放，激素信号通过[[稳态]]来调节体内内环境。
取自“https://www.qiuwenbaike.cn/wiki/激素”