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|3=zh-hans:宣礼塔; zh-hant:叫拜樓;
|3=zh-hans:宣礼塔; zh-hant:叫拜樓;
}}
}}
[[File:Supplicating Pilgrim at Masjid Al Haram. Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|缩略图|麥加禁寺跟克爾白是回教史的第一座回教堂，也是回教最神圣的地方]]
[[File:Supplicating Pilgrim at Masjid Al Haram. Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|麥加禁寺跟克爾白是回教史的第一座回教堂，也是回教最神圣的地方]]
{{Islam|culture}}
{{Islam|culture}}
[[File:汶萊國際機場外清真寺Airport Mosque.jpg|缩略图|汶萊國際機場外清真寺Airport Mosque]]
[[File:汶萊國際機場外清真寺Airport Mosque.jpg|thumb|汶萊國際機場外清真寺Airport Mosque]]
[[File:SA_Blue_Mosque.jpg|缩略图|[[馬來西亞]]最大的清真寺：[[苏丹沙拉胡汀阿都阿兹沙回教堂]]。在[[東南亞]]僅次於[[印尼]][[雅加達]]的[[伊斯蒂克拉爾清真寺]]]]
[[File:SA_Blue_Mosque.jpg|thumb|[[馬來西亞]]最大的清真寺：[[苏丹沙拉胡汀阿都阿兹沙回教堂]]。在[[東南亞]]僅次於[[印尼]][[雅加達]]的[[伊斯蒂克拉爾清真寺]]]]
'''-{zh-hans:清真寺;zh-hant:清真寺;zh-sg:回教堂;}-'''（[[阿拉伯语]]：单数{{large|مسجد}} / {{large|جامع}} masjid / jāmiʿ，复数{{lang|ar|{{large|مساجد}}}} / {{lang|ar|{{large|جوامع}}}} masājid / jawāmiʿ），又称'''-{zh-sg:清真寺;zh-hans:回教堂;zh-hant:回教堂;}-'''、'''礼拜寺'''，是供[[穆斯林]]群眾使用的[[宗教场所]]。
'''-{zh-hans:清真寺;zh-hant:清真寺;zh-sg:回教堂;}-'''（[[阿拉伯语]]：单数{{large|مسجد}} / {{large|جامع}} masjid / jāmiʿ，复数{{lang|ar|{{large|مساجد}}}} / {{lang|ar|{{large|جوامع}}}} masājid / jawāmiʿ），又称'''-{zh-sg:清真寺;zh-hans:回教堂;zh-hant:回教堂;}-'''、'''礼拜寺'''，是供[[穆斯林]]群眾使用的[[宗教场所]]。


对于什么宗教场所可视作回教堂，[[遜尼派]]的[[伊斯兰教法学|回教法学]]{{里}}有严格以及具体的要求，不符合规定的场所则称作musallah。<ref name="qaSunniPathFiqhMasjid">{{cite web|url=http://qa.sunnipath.com/issue_view.asp?HD=1&ID=4347&CATE=4 |title=Fiqh of Masjid & Musalla |publisher=Qa.sunnipath.com |date=2005-07-03 |accessdate=2011-11-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019002051/http://qa.sunnipath.com/issue_view.asp?HD=1&ID=4347&CATE=4 |archivedate=2011-10-19 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>正式被划定为回教堂的场地（通常是更大综合建筑物的一小部分）有严格的使用限制，而[[伊斯兰教法|回教法]]规定，一旦某个场地被正式划定为回教堂，该场所将直到[[伊斯兰教末世论|末日]]都作为回教堂用途，<ref name="qaSunniPathFiqhMasjid"/>被非穆斯林摧毀或占用的情形是絕對不容許的。
对于什么宗教场所可视作回教堂，[[遜尼派]]的[[伊斯兰教法学|回教法学]]{{里}}有严格以及具体的要求，不符合规定的场所则称作musallah。<ref name="qaSunniPathFiqhMasjid">{{cite web|url=http://qa.sunnipath.com/issue_view.asp?HD=1&ID=4347&CATE=4 |title=Fiqh of Masjid & Musalla |publisher=Qa.sunnipath.com |date=2005-07-03 |accessdate=2011-11-03 }}</ref>正式被划定为回教堂的场地（通常是更大综合建筑物的一小部分）有严格的使用限制，而[[伊斯兰教法|回教法]]规定，一旦某个场地被正式划定为回教堂，该场所将直到[[伊斯兰教末世论|末日]]都作为回教堂用途，<ref name="qaSunniPathFiqhMasjid"/>被非穆斯林摧毀或占用的情形是絕對不容許的。


许多回教堂都有精致的[[圆顶]]、[[宣礼塔]]和礼拜殿，各有独特的建筑风格。回教堂起源于[[阿拉伯半岛]]，如今所有人类聚居的大陆{{里}}均能发现其踪影，用作穆斯林（回教徒）[[礼拜 (伊斯兰教)|礼拜]]的地方，也可以作传达信息、教育以及争议解决等用途。回教堂的会众由[[伊玛目]]带领祷告。
许多回教堂都有精致的[[圆顶]]、[[宣礼塔]]和礼拜殿，各有独特的建筑风格。回教堂起源于[[阿拉伯半岛]]，如今所有人类聚居的大陆{{里}}均能发现其踪影，用作穆斯林（回教徒）[[礼拜 (伊斯兰教)|礼拜]]的地方，也可以作传达信息、教育以及争议解决等用途。回教堂的会众由[[伊玛目]]带领祷告。


== 词源 ==
== 词源 ==
[[File:RezaShrine2.jpg|缩略图|右|位于伊朗马什哈德的伊玛目礼萨圣陵，什叶派主流派别十二伊玛目派尊奉的第八任伊玛目阿里·里达（伊朗称阿里·礼萨）即安葬于此]]
[[File:RezaShrine2.jpg|thumb|right|位于伊朗马什哈德的伊玛目礼萨圣陵，什叶派主流派别十二伊玛目派尊奉的第八任伊玛目阿里·里达（伊朗称阿里·礼萨）即安葬于此]]
阿拉伯文的{{large|مسجد}} masjid一词，其词根为{{large|سجد}} sajada，意为“拜倒”，因为穆斯林礼拜时需要拜倒叩拜。<ref>"masjid, n.". ''OED Online''. December 2011. Oxford University Press. [http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/114605].</ref>
阿拉伯文的{{large|مسجد}} masjid一词，其词根为{{large|سجد}} sajada，意为“拜倒”，因为穆斯林礼拜时需要拜倒叩拜。<ref>"masjid, n.". ''OED Online''. December 2011. Oxford University Press. [http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/114605].</ref>


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全世界的第一座回教堂通常被认为是位于[[麦加]]、以[[克尔白]]为中心的[[禁寺]]。<ref>{{harvnb|Kuban|1974|p=1}}</ref>早在公元638年起，禁寺就扩大了若干次，为的是容纳日益增多、住在禁寺周边地区或每年前往麦加[[朝觐 (伊斯兰教)|朝圣]]的回教徒。<ref>{{harvnb|Dumper|Stanley|2007|p=241}}</ref>也有意见认为史上第一座回教堂则应该是坐落在今[[麦地那]]的[[库巴清真寺|库巴回教堂]]，因为这是[[穆罕默德|穆罕默德先知]]在622年[[希吉拉|从麦加迁移]]时建造的第一座建筑。<ref>{{harvnb|Tajuddin|1998|p=135}}</ref>
全世界的第一座回教堂通常被认为是位于[[麦加]]、以[[克尔白]]为中心的[[禁寺]]。<ref>{{harvnb|Kuban|1974|p=1}}</ref>早在公元638年起，禁寺就扩大了若干次，为的是容纳日益增多、住在禁寺周边地区或每年前往麦加[[朝觐 (伊斯兰教)|朝圣]]的回教徒。<ref>{{harvnb|Dumper|Stanley|2007|p=241}}</ref>也有意见认为史上第一座回教堂则应该是坐落在今[[麦地那]]的[[库巴清真寺|库巴回教堂]]，因为这是[[穆罕默德|穆罕默德先知]]在622年[[希吉拉|从麦加迁移]]时建造的第一座建筑。<ref>{{harvnb|Tajuddin|1998|p=135}}</ref>


[[File:Great Mosque of Kairouan Stitched Panorama - Grande Mosquée de Kairouan Panorama.jpg|缩略图|右|坐落于突尼斯的凯鲁万大回教堂是穆斯林西区最古老的回教堂]]
[[File:Great Mosque of Kairouan Stitched Panorama - Grande Mosquée de Kairouan Panorama.jpg|thumb|right|坐落于突尼斯的凯鲁万大回教堂是穆斯林西区最古老的回教堂]]


穆罕默德先知接着在麦地那亲自再建设一座回教堂，现称作[[先知寺|先知回教堂]]，并帮助开拓回教堂作为伊斯兰城市的重点的概念。<ref name="chiu678">{{harvnb|Chiu|2010|pp=67–8}}</ref>先知回教堂的一些特点，在当今回教堂也仍常见，其中包括设于礼拜殿后墙正中处的小拱门的[[米哈拉布]]以及讲台[[敏拜尔]]，<ref>{{harvnb|Cosman|Jones|2008|p=610}}</ref>该回教堂也建有一个大庭院，回教堂自此都常见这样的设计。<ref name="chiu678" />
穆罕默德先知接着在麦地那亲自再建设一座回教堂，现称作[[先知寺|先知回教堂]]，并帮助开拓回教堂作为伊斯兰城市的重点的概念。<ref name="chiu678">{{harvnb|Chiu|2010|pp=67–8}}</ref>先知回教堂的一些特点，在当今回教堂也仍常见，其中包括设于礼拜殿后墙正中处的小拱门的[[米哈拉布]]以及讲台[[敏拜尔]]，<ref>{{harvnb|Cosman|Jones|2008|p=610}}</ref>该回教堂也建有一个大庭院，回教堂自此都常见这样的设计。<ref name="chiu678" />
{{clear}}
{{clear}}


== 宗教活动 ==
== 现代政治角色 ==
== 现代政治角色 ==
{{see also|伊斯兰教与政治}}
{{see also|伊斯兰教与政治}}
[[File:Aerial view of East London Mosque complex - Feb 2014.jpg|缩略图|[[东伦敦清真寺|东伦敦回教堂]]是英国第一座获准使用扩音器来播放[[宣礼]]的清真寺。<ref>{{cite book|last1=Eade|first1=John|editor1-last=Metcalf|editor1-first=Barbara Daly|title=Making Muslim Space in North America and Europe|date=1996|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=0520204042|url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft2s2004p0&chunk.id=s1.12.69&toc.id=ch12&brand=ucpress|accessdate=2015-04-19|chapter=Nationalism, Community, and the Islamization of Space in London|quote=As one of the few mosques in Britain permitted to broadcast calls to prayer (azan), the mosque soon found itself at the center of a public debate about “noise pollution” when local non-Muslim residents began to protest.|archive-date=2015-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427124717/http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft2s2004p0&chunk.id=s1.12.69&toc.id=ch12&brand=ucpress|dead-url=no}}</ref>]]
[[File:Aerial view of East London Mosque complex - Feb 2014.jpg|thumb|[[东伦敦清真寺|东伦敦回教堂]]是英国第一座获准使用扩音器来播放[[宣礼]]的清真寺。<ref>{{cite book|last1=Eade|first1=John|editor1-last=Metcalf|editor1-first=Barbara Daly|title=Making Muslim Space in North America and Europe|date=1996|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=0520204042|url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft2s2004p0&chunk.id=s1.12.69&toc.id=ch12&brand=ucpress|accessdate=2015-04-19|chapter=Nationalism, Community, and the Islamization of Space in London|quote=As one of the few mosques in Britain permitted to broadcast calls to prayer (azan), the mosque soon found itself at the center of a public debate about “noise pollution” when local non-Muslim residents began to protest.}}</ref>]]
20世纪末，作为政治用途的回教堂数量日渐增多，而当今西方世界的回教堂通常也会倡导民间参与。正因为回教堂在社群{{里}}的重要性，所以回教堂被用来宣扬与非信徒的和平共存，即使是在逆境中。
20世纪末，作为政治用途的回教堂数量日渐增多，而当今西方世界的回教堂通常也会倡导民间参与。正因为回教堂在社群{{里}}的重要性，所以回教堂被用来宣扬与非信徒的和平共存，即使是在逆境中。


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=== 宣扬 ===
=== 宣扬 ===
回教徒为少数群体的国家和地区比回教徒占主体的[[大中东]]国家和地区更有可能会通过回教堂作为倡导民间参与的一种方式。<ref name="tc">{{cite web |url=http://www.tc.edu/muslim-nyc/research/projects/role%20of%20muslims.html |publisher=Teachers' College – Columbia University |title=The Role of Mosques in the Civic and Political Incorporation of Muslim American |last=Jamal |first=Amany |accessdate=2006-04-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928143701/http://www.tc.edu/muslim-nyc/research/projects/role%20of%20muslims.html |archivedate=2007-09-28 }}</ref>美国的回教堂会主办[[选民登记]]和民间参与运动，以促进通常是第一代或第二代的穆斯林移民参与政治。正因如此，再加上回教堂也会尝试及时告知穆斯林居民有关穆斯林社群所面临的问题，回教堂的人员更有可能参加[[示威]]、在[[请愿]]书上签名或涉及其他政治活动。<ref name="tc" />
回教徒为少数群体的国家和地区比回教徒占主体的[[大中东]]国家和地区更有可能会通过回教堂作为倡导民间参与的一种方式。<ref name="tc">{{cite web |url=http://www.tc.edu/muslim-nyc/research/projects/role%20of%20muslims.html |publisher=Teachers' College – Columbia University |title=The Role of Mosques in the Civic and Political Incorporation of Muslim American |last=Jamal |first=Amany |accessdate=2006-04-22 }}</ref>美国的回教堂会主办[[选民登记]]和民间参与运动，以促进通常是第一代或第二代的穆斯林移民参与政治。正因如此，再加上回教堂也会尝试及时告知穆斯林居民有关穆斯林社群所面临的问题，回教堂的人员更有可能参加[[示威]]、在[[请愿]]书上签名或涉及其他政治活动。<ref name="tc" />


== 组成建筑 ==
== 组成建筑 ==
清真寺内不得有任何形式的[[偶像]]，即没有任何人物、动物、图腾和标志的[[雕像]]、[[画像]]，也不需要任何[[供品]]（因为造物主-真主-是无求的 主），只有围绕的柱廊，中心一个大拱顶，主要的墙要向着[[麦加]]的[[卡巴]]方向，墙中间有一个凹下的[[壁]]，叫做[[米哈拉布]]（'''محراب‎'''），是指示[[穆斯林]]礼拜方向的。[[壁]]中有一座带[[阶梯]]的高台，是在[[主麻日]]时，为[[伊玛目]]站在上面带领诵读《古兰经》、讲道、宣布消息--等用的，叫[[敏拜尔]]（منبر），诵读《古兰经》时不得有任何道具或乐器及音乐和歌唱。底下一般铺有地毯，因为[[穆斯林]]需要赤脚礼拜。清真寺外面或一进门地方有自来水或喷泉，要求[[穆斯林]]洗净手、脸、脚（小净）后才能礼拜。不同清真寺有为区隔男女礼拜有不同设计和设施。女性多数在家礼拜，很少到清真寺礼拜。有穆斯林带领下非穆斯林是允许进入礼拜殿的。穆斯林在清真寺内礼拜时要排成长排，跪拜俯伏在地、以额触地、礼和拜独一无二的造物主——真主。
清真寺内不得有任何形式的[[偶像]]，即没有任何人物、动物、图腾和标志的[[雕像]]、[[画像]]，也不需要任何[[供品]]（因为造物主-真主-是无求的 主），只有围绕的柱廊，中心一个大拱顶，主要的墙要向着[[麦加]]的[[卡巴]]方向，墙中间有一个凹下的[[壁]]，叫做[[米哈拉布]]（'''محراب‎'''），是指示[[穆斯林]]礼拜方向的。[[壁]]中有一座带[[阶梯]]的高台，是在[[主麻日]]时，为[[伊玛目]]站在上面带领诵读《古兰经》、讲道、宣布消息—等用的，叫[[敏拜尔]]（منبر），诵读《古兰经》时不得有任何道具或乐器及音乐和歌唱。底下一般铺有地毯，因为[[穆斯林]]需要赤脚礼拜。清真寺外面或一进门地方有自来水或喷泉，要求[[穆斯林]]洗净手、脸、脚（小净）后才能礼拜。不同清真寺有为区隔男女礼拜有不同设计和设施。女性多数在家礼拜，很少到清真寺礼拜。有穆斯林带领下非穆斯林是允许进入礼拜殿的。穆斯林在清真寺内礼拜时要排成长排，跪拜俯伏在地、以额触地、礼和拜独一无二的造物主——真主。


由于《古兰经》要求穆斯林每日要做五次礼拜：日出前、正午后、下午时、日落和进入黑夜，在古代没有时钟的情况下，很难掌握统一的时间，因此在清真寺外建有[[宣礼塔]]，每到礼拜时间，就有唤礼者在塔上大声呼唤，有的大清真寺四周有几个宣礼塔，现代都装有扩音器，不再或很少上宣礼塔唤礼(Azan)，但是某些传统清真寺仍保留宣礼员上塔唤礼这一方式。
由于《古兰经》要求穆斯林每日要做五次礼拜：日出前、正午后、下午时、日落和进入黑夜，在古代没有时钟的情况下，很难掌握统一的时间，因此在清真寺外建有[[宣礼塔]]，每到礼拜时间，就有唤礼者在塔上大声呼唤，有的大清真寺四周有几个宣礼塔，现代都装有扩音器，不再或很少上宣礼塔唤礼(Azan)，但是某些传统清真寺仍保留宣礼员上塔唤礼这一方式。
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== 参考文献 ==
== 参考文献 ==
=== 引用 ===
=== 引用 ===
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{reflist}}


=== 来源 ===
=== 来源 ===
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* {{cite book | last=Asher | first=Catherine B. | year=1992 | title=Architecture of Mughal India | series=The New Cambridge History of India | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge, Eng. | isbn=9780521267281 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor-last=Bearman | editor-first=P.J. | editor2-last=Bianquis | editor2-first=Th. | editor3-last=Bosworth | editor3-first=C.E. | editor4-last=van Donzel | editor4-first=E. | editor5-last=Heinrichs | editor5-first = W.P. | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | issn=1573-3912 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor-last=Bearman | editor-first=P.J. | editor2-last=Bianquis | editor2-first=Th. | editor3-last=Bosworth | editor3-first=C.E. | editor4-last=van Donzel | editor4-first=E. | editor5-last=Heinrichs | editor5-first = W.P. | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | issn=1573-3912 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Bellows | editor-first=Keith | year=2008 | title=Sacred Places of a Lifetime: 500 of the World's Most Peaceful and Powerful Destinations | url=https://archive.org/details/sacredplacesofli0000unse | publisher=National Geographic Books | location=Washington, D.C. | isbn=9781426203367 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Bellows | editor-first=Keith | year=2008 | title=Sacred Places of a Lifetime: 500 of the World's Most Peaceful and Powerful Destinations | | publisher=National Geographic Books | location=Washington, D.C. | isbn=9781426203367 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Bloom | editor-first=Jonathan M. | editor2-last=Blair | editor2-first=Sheila | year=2009 | title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=Oxford, Eng. | isbn=9780195309911 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Bloom | editor-first=Jonathan M. | editor2-last=Blair | editor2-first=Sheila | year=2009 | title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=Oxford, Eng. | isbn=9780195309911 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Budge | first=E. A. Wallis | year=2001 | title=Budge's Egypt: A Classic 19th-Century Travel Guide | publisher=Courier Dover Publications | location=Toronto | isbn=9780486149530 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Budge | first=E. A. Wallis | year=2001 | title=Budge's Egypt: A Classic 19th-Century Travel Guide | publisher=Courier Dover Publications | location=Toronto | isbn=9780486149530 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Chiu | first=Y. C. | title=An Introduction to the History of Project Management: From the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900, Part 1900| publisher=Eburon Uitgeverij B.V. | location=Delft, the Netherlands | isbn=9789059724372 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Chiu | first=Y. C. | title=An Introduction to the History of Project Management: From the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900, Part 1900| publisher=Eburon Uitgeverij B.V. | location=Delft, the Netherlands | isbn=9789059724372 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Cosman | first=Madeleine Pelner | last2=Jones | first2=Linda Gale | title=Handbook to Life in the Medieval World |publisher=Infobase Publishing | year=2008 | location=New York | isbn=9781438109077 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Cosman | first=Madeleine Pelner | last2=Jones | first2=Linda Gale | title=Handbook to Life in the Medieval World |publisher=Infobase Publishing | year=2008 | location=New York | isbn=9781438109077 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite journal | last=Cowen | first=Jill S. | date=July–August 1985 | title=Muslims in China | magazine=Saudi Aramco World | url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198504/muslims.in.china-the.mosques.htm | volume=36 | number=4 | ref=harv | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060322154300/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198504/muslims.in.china-the.mosques.htm | archivedate=2006年3月22日 | df= }}
* {{cite journal | last=Cowen | first=Jill S. | date=July–August 1985 | title=Muslims in China | magazine=Saudi Aramco World | url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198504/muslims.in.china-the.mosques.htm | volume=36 | number=4 | ref=harv | | | | df= }}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Dumper | editor-first=Michael | editor2-last=Stanley | editor2-first=Bruce E. | title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia | url=https://archive.org/details/citiesofmiddleea0000unse | publisher=ABC-CLIO | location=Santa Barbara, Calif. | year=2007 | isbn=978-1-57607-919-5 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Dumper | editor-first=Michael | editor2-last=Stanley | editor2-first=Bruce E. | title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia | | publisher=ABC-CLIO | location=Santa Barbara, Calif. | year=2007 | isbn=978-1-57607-919-5 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Elleh | first=Nnamdi | year=2002 | title=Architecture and Power in Africa | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |location=Westport, Ct. | isbn= 9780275976798 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Elleh | first=Nnamdi | year=2002 | title=Architecture and Power in Africa | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |location=Westport, Ct. | isbn= 9780275976798 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Essa | first=Ahmed | last2=Ali | first2=Othman | year=2010 | title=Title Studies in Islamic Civilization: The Muslim Contribution to the Renaissance | url=https://archive.org/details/studiesinislamic0000essa | publisher=The International Institute of Islamic Thought | location=Herndon, Va. | isbn=9781565643505}}
* {{cite book | last=Essa | first=Ahmed | last2=Ali | first2=Othman | year=2010 | title=Title Studies in Islamic Civilization: The Muslim Contribution to the Renaissance | | publisher=The International Institute of Islamic Thought | location=Herndon, Va. | isbn=9781565643505}}
* {{cite book | last=Flood | first=Finbarr Barry | year=2001 | title=The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Ummayyad Visual Culture
* {{cite book | last=Flood | first=Finbarr Barry | year=2001 | title=The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Ummayyad Visual Culture
| series=Islamic History and Civilization | publisher=BRILL | location=Leiden, the Netherlands | isbn=9789004116382 | ref=harv}}
| series=Islamic History and Civilization | publisher=BRILL | location=Leiden, the Netherlands | isbn=9789004116382 | ref=harv}}
第68行： 第67行：
* {{cite book | last=Netton | first=Ian Richard | year=1996 | title=Seek Knowledge: Thought and Travel in the House of Islam | edition=annotated | publisher=Psychology Press | location=Abingdon, Eng. | isbn=9780700703401 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Netton | first=Ian Richard | year=1996 | title=Seek Knowledge: Thought and Travel in the House of Islam | edition=annotated | publisher=Psychology Press | location=Abingdon, Eng. | isbn=9780700703401 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Nielsen | editor-first=Jørgen Schøler | editor2-last=Akgönül | editor2-first=Samim | editor3-last=Alibašić | editor3-first=Ahmet | editor4-last=Goddard | editor4-first=Hugh | editor5-last=Maréchal | editor5-first=Brigitte | year=2011 | title=Yearbook of Muslims in Europe | volume=3 | publisher=BRILL | location=Leiden, the Netherlands | isbn=9789004205161 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Nielsen | editor-first=Jørgen Schøler | editor2-last=Akgönül | editor2-first=Samim | editor3-last=Alibašić | editor3-first=Ahmet | editor4-last=Goddard | editor4-first=Hugh | editor5-last=Maréchal | editor5-first=Brigitte | year=2011 | title=Yearbook of Muslims in Europe | volume=3 | publisher=BRILL | location=Leiden, the Netherlands | isbn=9789004205161 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Nimer | first=Mohamed | year=2002 | title=The North American Muslim Resource Guide: Muslim Community Life in the United States and Canada | url=https://archive.org/details/northamericanmus0000nime | publisher=Taylor & Francis | location=New York | isbn=9780415937283 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Nimer | first=Mohamed | year=2002 | title=The North American Muslim Resource Guide: Muslim Community Life in the United States and Canada | | publisher=Taylor & Francis | location=New York | isbn=9780415937283 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Ruggles | first=D. Fairchild | year=2002 | title=Gardens, Landscape, and Vision in the Palaces of Islamic Spain | publisher=Penn State Press | location=University Park, Penn. | isbn=9780271042725 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Ruggles | first=D. Fairchild | year=2002 | title=Gardens, Landscape, and Vision in the Palaces of Islamic Spain | publisher=Penn State Press | location=University Park, Penn. | isbn=9780271042725 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Tajuddin | first=Mohamed | title=The Mosque as a Community Development Centre: Programme and Architectural Design Guidelines for Contemporary Muslim Societies | publisher=Penerbit UTM | location=Kuala Lumpur | year=1998 | isbn=9789835201318 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book | last=Tajuddin | first=Mohamed | title=The Mosque as a Community Development Centre: Programme and Architectural Design Guidelines for Contemporary Muslim Societies | publisher=Penerbit UTM | location=Kuala Lumpur | year=1998 | isbn=9789835201318 | ref=harv }}
第75行： 第74行：
== 扩展阅读 ==
== 扩展阅读 ==
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book | last=Arberry | first=A. J. | authorlink= | title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation | url=https://archive.org/details/koraninterpreted00ajar | publisher=Touchstone | edition=1st | year=1996 | isbn=978-0-684-82507-6}}
* {{cite book | last=Arberry | first=A. J. | | title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation | | publisher=Touchstone | edition=1st | year=1996 | isbn=978-0-684-82507-6}}
* Campanini, Massimo, Mosque, in ''Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God'' (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014. ISBN 978-1-61069-177-2
* Campanini, Massimo, Mosque, in ''Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God'' (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014. ISBN 978-1-61069-177-2
* {{cite book | last=Hawting | first=Gerald R. | authorlink= | title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyard Caliphate AD 661–750 | publisher=Routledge | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-415-24072-7}}
* {{cite book | last=Hawting | first=Gerald R. | | title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyard Caliphate AD 661–750 | publisher=Routledge | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-415-24072-7}}
* {{cite book | last=Khan | first=Muhammad Muhsin | authorlink= |author2=Al-Hilali Khan|author3= Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din | title=Noble Quran | year=1999 | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | edition=1st | isbn=978-9960-740-79-9}}
* {{cite book | last=Khan | first=Muhammad Muhsin | |author2=Al-Hilali Khan|author3= Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din | title=Noble Quran | year=1999 | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | edition=1st | isbn=978-9960-740-79-9}}
* {{cite book | last=Kramer (ed.) | first=Martin | authorlink= | title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis | publisher=Syracuse University | year=1999 | isbn=978-965-224-040-8}}
* {{cite book | last=Kramer (ed.) | first=Martin | | title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis | publisher=Syracuse University | year=1999 | isbn=978-965-224-040-8}}
* {{cite book | last=Kuban | first=Doğan | authorlink= | title=Muslim Religious Architecture | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=1974 | isbn=978-90-04-03813-4}}
* {{cite book | last=Kuban | first=Doğan | | title=Muslim Religious Architecture | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | year=1974 | isbn=978-90-04-03813-4}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=伯納德·劉易斯 | title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East | url=https://archive.org/details/islaminhistory00bern | publisher=Open Court | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-8126-9217-4}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | | title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East | | publisher=Open Court | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-8126-9217-4}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | title=Islam and the West | url=https://archive.org/details/islamwest00lewi_0 | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1994 | isbn=978-0-19-509061-1}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | title=Islam and the West | | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1994 | isbn=978-0-19-509061-1}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery | url=https://archive.org/details/culturesinconfli0000lewi | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1996 | isbn=978-0-19-510283-3}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewis | first=Bernard | title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery | | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1996 | isbn=978-0-19-510283-3}}
* {{cite book | last=Mubarkpuri | first=Saifur-Rahman | title=[[The Sealed Nectar]]: Biography of the Prophet | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-59144-071-0}}
* {{cite book | last=Mubarkpuri | first=Saifur-Rahman | title=[[The Sealed Nectar]]: Biography of the Prophet | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-59144-071-0}}
* {{cite book | last=Najeebabadi | first=Akbar Shah | title=History of Islam | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=2001 | isbn=978-1-59144-034-5}}
* {{cite book | last=Najeebabadi | first=Akbar Shah | title=History of Islam | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | year=2001 | isbn=978-1-59144-034-5}}
* {{cite book | last=Nigosian | first=S. A. | title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=2004 | edition=New | isbn=978-0-253-21627-4}}
* {{cite book | last=Nigosian | first=S. A. | title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=2004 | edition=New | isbn=978-0-253-21627-4}}
* {{cite book | last=Rahman | first=Fazlur | authorlink= | title=Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780226702810 | publisher=University of Chicago Press | year=1979 | edition=2nd | isbn=978-0-226-70281-0}}
* {{cite book | last=Rahman | first=Fazlur | | title=Islam | | publisher=University of Chicago Press | year=1979 | edition=2nd | isbn=978-0-226-70281-0}}
* {{cite book | last=Walker | first=Benjamin | authorlink= | title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith | publisher=Peter Owen Publishers | year=1998 | isbn=978-0-7206-1038-3}}
* {{cite book | last=Walker | first=Benjamin | | title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith | publisher=Peter Owen Publishers | year=1998 | isbn=978-0-7206-1038-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Kahera|first=Akel|title=Deconstructing the American Mosque: Space, Gender and Aesthetics|year=2008|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin TX|isbn=0-292-74344-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Kahera|first=Akel|title=Deconstructing the American Mosque: Space, Gender and Aesthetics|year=2008|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin TX|isbn=0-292-74344-0}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


== 外部链接 ==
== 外部链接 ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050405082328/http://haqaonline.lightuponlight.com/pg/index.php?cat=5 各地清真寺的照片]
* [http://haqaonline.lightuponlight.com/pg/index.php?cat=5 各地清真寺的照片]
* [http://www.tijarapages.com/ 英国清真寺和穆斯林词典] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tijarapages.com/ |date=20081015181826 }}
* [http://www.tijarapages.com/ 英国清真寺和穆斯林词典]
* [http://www.islamicfinder.org/gallery/index.php?cat=10 世界各地清真寺]
* [http://www.islamicfinder.org/gallery/index.php?cat=10 世界各地清真寺]
* [http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/architecture/themosque.htm 介绍清真寺]
* [http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/architecture/themosque.htm 介绍清真寺]
取自“https://www.qiuwenbaike.cn/wiki/清真寺”