印度-伊朗语族:修订间差异

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'''印度-伊朗語族'''({{lang-en|'''Indo-Iranian languages'''}}或{{lang|en|'''Indo-Iranic languages'''}}<ref name="Mahulkar1990">{{cite book|author=D. D. Mahulkar|title=Pre-Pāṇinian Linguistic Studies||year=1990|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-85119-88-5|access-date=2020-07-14|||}}</ref><ref name="PuglielliFrascarelli2011">{{cite book|author1=Annarita Puglielli|author2=Mara Frascarelli|title=Linguistic Analysis: From Data to Theory||year=2011|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-022250-0|access-date=2020-07-14|||}}</ref>),又稱'''雅利安語族'''({{lang-en|'''Aryan languages'''}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Jadranka Gvozdanović|title=Numeral Types and Changes Worldwide||year=1999|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-016113-7|page=221|access-date=2020-07-14|||}}: "The usage of 'Aryan languages' is not to be equated with Indo-Aryan languages, rather Indo-Iranic languages of which Indo-Aryan is a subgrouping."</ref>)是[[印歐语系]]今日仍在使用的[[语言]]中最東方的一族,下分為[[印度-雅利安語支]]、[[伊朗語支]]和[[努利斯坦语支]]。使用人数共有15亿人,从[[欧洲]]([[罗姆语]])、[[土耳其]]([[库尔德语]]、[[扎扎其語]]和[[戈拉尼語]])、[[高加索]]([[奥塞梯语]])向东一直延伸至中国[[新疆]]([[色勒库尔语]])和印度[[阿萨姆邦]]([[阿萨姆语]]),向南直至[[斯里兰卡]]([[僧伽罗语]])和[[马尔代夫]]([[迪维西语]])。另外,在西北欧([[英国]])、北美(美国和[[加拿大]])和[[澳大利亚]]也有较大的印度-伊朗语社群。
'''印度-伊朗語族'''({{lang-en|'''Indo-Iranian languages'''}}或{{lang|en|'''Indo-Iranic languages'''}}<ref name="Mahulkar1990">{{cite book|author=D. D. Mahulkar|title=Pre-Pāṇinian Linguistic Studies||year=1990|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-85119-88-5|access-date=2020-07-14}}</ref><ref name="PuglielliFrascarelli2011">{{cite book|author1=Annarita Puglielli|author2=Mara Frascarelli|title=Linguistic Analysis: From Data to Theory||year=2011|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-022250-0|access-date=2020-07-14}}</ref>),又稱'''雅利安語族'''({{lang-en|'''Aryan languages'''}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Jadranka Gvozdanović|title=Numeral Types and Changes Worldwide||year=1999|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-016113-7|page=221|access-date=2020-07-14|||}}: "The usage of 'Aryan languages' is not to be equated with Indo-Aryan languages, rather Indo-Iranic languages of which Indo-Aryan is a subgrouping."</ref>)是[[印歐语系]]今日仍在使用的[[语言]]中最東方的一族,下分為[[印度-雅利安語支]]、[[伊朗語支]]和[[努利斯坦语支]]。使用人数共有15亿人,从[[欧洲]]([[罗姆语]])、[[土耳其]]([[库尔德语]]、[[扎扎其語]]和[[戈拉尼語]])、[[高加索]]([[奥塞梯语]])向东一直延伸至中国[[新疆]]([[色勒库尔语]])和印度[[阿萨姆邦]]([[阿萨姆语]]),向南直至[[斯里兰卡]]([[僧伽罗语]])和[[马尔代夫]]([[迪维西语]])。另外,在西北欧([[英国]])、北美(美国和[[加拿大]])和[[澳大利亚]]也有较大的印度-伊朗语社群。


该语族内所有语言的祖先被称为[[原始印度-伊朗語]],使用于公元前第3个千年的末期。现代印度-伊朗语可分為三支:印度-雅利安語支、伊朗語支和努利斯坦语支;第四个独立分支[[达尔德语支]]曾被提出,但近来的研究通常认为达尔德语属于印度-雅利安語支<ref name="jain-cardona-2007">{{Cite encyclopaedia| year = 2007 | title = The Indo-Aryan languages | editor1-first = Danesh | editor1-last = Jain | editor2-first = George | editor2-last = Cardona | page = 905 | quote ='Dardic' is a geographic cover term for those Northwest Indo-Aryan languages which ''[..]'' developed new characteristics different from the IA languages of the Indo-Gangetic plain. Although the Dardic and Nuristani (previously 'Kafiri') languages were formerly grouped together, Morgenstierne (1965) has established that the Dardic languages are Indo-Aryan, and that the Nuristani languages constitute a separate subgroup of Indo-Iranian. | isbn = 978-0415772945 | author-first = Elena | author-last = Bashir }}</ref>。
该语族内所有语言的祖先被称为[[原始印度-伊朗語]],使用于公元前第3个千年的末期。现代印度-伊朗语可分為三支:印度-雅利安語支、伊朗語支和努利斯坦语支;第四个独立分支[[达尔德语支]]曾被提出,但近来的研究通常认为达尔德语属于印度-雅利安語支<ref name="jain-cardona-2007">{{Cite encyclopaedia| year = 2007 | title = The Indo-Aryan languages | editor1-first = Danesh | editor1-last = Jain | editor2-first = George | editor2-last = Cardona | page = 905 | quote ='Dardic' is a geographic cover term for those Northwest Indo-Aryan languages which ''[..]'' developed new characteristics different from the IA languages of the Indo-Gangetic plain. Although the Dardic and Nuristani (previously 'Kafiri') languages were formerly grouped together, Morgenstierne (1965) has established that the Dardic languages are Indo-Aryan, and that the Nuristani languages constitute a separate subgroup of Indo-Iranian. | isbn = 978-0415772945 | author-first = Elena | author-last = Bashir }}</ref>。
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[[印度-雅利安語支]]内部使用者最多的语言有:
[[印度-雅利安語支]]内部使用者最多的语言有:
* [[印度斯坦语|印地—乌尔都语]]({{SIL|hin}})({{SIL|urd}}):5.9亿<ref>{{cite web|last=Edwards|first=Viv|title=Urdu Today|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/multilingual/urdu.shtml|publisher=BBC|access-date=2020-07-14|||}}</ref>;
* [[印度斯坦语|印地—乌尔都语]]({{SIL|hin}})({{SIL|urd}}):5.9亿<ref>{{cite web|last=Edwards|first=Viv|title=Urdu Today|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/multilingual/urdu.shtml|publisher=BBC|access-date=2020-07-14}}</ref>;
* [[孟加拉语]]({{SIL|ben}}):2.05亿<ref>{{cite web|last=Thompson|first=Irene|title=Bengali|url=http://aboutworldlanguages.com/bengali|publisher=AboutWorldLanguages|accessdate=2013-03-29|||}}</ref>;
* [[孟加拉语]]({{SIL|ben}}):2.05亿<ref>{{cite web|last=Thompson|first=Irene|title=Bengali|url=http://aboutworldlanguages.com/bengali|publisher=AboutWorldLanguages|accessdate=2013-03-29}}</ref>;
* [[旁遮普语]]:1亿,分为[[东旁遮普语]]({{SIL|pan}})和[[西旁遮普语]]({{SIL|pnb}});
* [[旁遮普语]]:1亿,分为[[东旁遮普语]]({{SIL|pan}})和[[西旁遮普语]]({{SIL|pnb}});
* [[马拉地语]]({{SIL|mar}}):7500万;
* [[马拉地语]]({{SIL|mar}}):7500万;
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* [[僧伽罗语]]({{SIL|sin}}):1900万;
* [[僧伽罗语]]({{SIL|sin}}):1900万;
* [[尼泊尔语]]({{SIL|nep}}):1700万;
* [[尼泊尔语]]({{SIL|nep}}):1700万;
* [[比什奴普萊利亞-曼尼浦爾語|比什奴普萊利亞-曼尼浦爾語]]:1200万<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India: Family-wise grouping of the 122 Scheduled and Non-Scheduled Languages -2001 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/statement9.htm |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |accessdate=2020-07-14 |||}}</ref>等。
* [[比什奴普萊利亞-曼尼浦爾語|比什奴普萊利亞-曼尼浦爾語]]:1200万<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India: Family-wise grouping of the 122 Scheduled and Non-Scheduled Languages -2001 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/statement9.htm |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |accessdate=2020-07-14 }}</ref>等。


此外还有:
此外还有: