未接來電：修订间差异 - 求闻百科，共笔求闻

第5行：

'''未接來電'''（{{lang-en|missed call}}）是呼叫者在接听者接听前有意挂断的电话。这是一种{{tsl|en|one-bit message|单方消息}}。

在移动电话用户呼出数量有限的[[新兴市场]]中，未接来电得到广泛的使用：因为电话实际未接通，所以运营商并不会向呼叫者收取费用，进而不会影响他们的信用。在某些国家，连续的响一声来电被用来传递特定的信息。在非洲的某些地区，响一声来电被称作beeping<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1132926.stm|title=Uganda's 'beeping' nuisance|date=2001|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/news-blog/rules-of-beeping/|title=Rules of beeping|last=Stix|first=Gary|newspaper=Scientific American Blog Network|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en}}</ref>，在印尼被称为memancing（钓鱼）<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/missed-call-marketing-taken-hold-india/|title=Why ‘Missed Call’ Marketing Has Taken Hold in India - Knowledge@Wharton|newspaper=Knowledge@Wharton|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref>，在尼日利亚被称为flashing<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/910816446|title=Glocal English: The Changing Face and Forms of Nigerian English in a Global World|last=Kperogi|first=Farooq A.,|date=2015|publisher=Peter Lang|year=|isbn=9781453914946|location=New York|pages=|chapter=Glocal English : the changing face and forms of Nigerian English in a global world|oclc=910816446}}</ref>，巴基斯坦称作flashcall<ref name=":0" />，菲律宾称作miskol（miss call的另一种写法）<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/infotech/view_article.php?article_id=82266|title='Miskol' is Filipino word of the year at conference - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos|accessdate=2018-07-09|date=2008-03-16}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/10684/%E2%80%98miskol%E2%80%99-word-year|title=‘Miskol’ is word of the year， Philstar.com|accessdate=2018-07-09|author=|date=|work=philstar.com|publisher=}}</ref>。中国大陆有时把商业化的未接來電称作'''响一声来电'''<ref name=":1" />。

在移动电话用户呼出数量有限的[[新兴市场]]中，未接来电得到广泛的使用：因为电话实际未接通，所以运营商并不会向呼叫者收取费用，进而不会影响他们的信用。在某些国家，连续的响一声来电被用来传递特定的信息。在非洲的某些地区，响一声来电被称作beeping<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1132926.stm|title=Uganda's 'beeping' nuisance|date=2001|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/news-blog/rules-of-beeping/|title=Rules of beeping|last=Stix|first=Gary|newspaper=Scientific American Blog Network|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en}}</ref>，在印尼被称为memancing（钓鱼）<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/missed-call-marketing-taken-hold-india/|title=Why ‘Missed Call’ Marketing Has Taken Hold in India - Knowledge@Wharton|newspaper=Knowledge@Wharton|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref>，在尼日利亚被称为flashing<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/910816446|title=Glocal English: The Changing Face and Forms of Nigerian English in a Global World|last=Kperogi|first=Farooq A.,|date=2015|publisher=Peter Lang|year=|isbn=9781453914946|location=New York|pages=|chapter=Glocal English : the changing face and forms of Nigerian English in a global world|oclc=910816446}}</ref>，巴基斯坦称作flashcall<ref name=":0" />，菲律宾称作miskol（miss call的另一种写法）<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/infotech/view_article.php?article_id=82266|title='Miskol' is Filipino word of the year at conference - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos|accessdate=2018-07-09|date=2008-03-16}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/10684/%E2%80%98miskol%E2%80%99-word-year|title=‘Miskol’ is word of the year， Philstar.com|accessdate=2018-07-09|author=|date=|work=philstar.com|publisher=}}</ref>。中国有时把商业化的未接來電称作'''响一声来电'''<ref name=":1" />。

在印度，未接來電拥有比较高的知名度。作为一种[[行销企划]]，未接來電已经不仅仅是一种通常的通信方式，更作为诱导用户回拨或回信那些含有广告的电话的手段。由于印度的[[功能机]]用户比[[智能手机]]用户更为常见，所以在宣传方面，不只是未接來電，还有其他的方法。

== 理由和影响 ==

由于收入的问题，{{tsl|en|prepay mobile phone|预付电话}}在新兴市场中广受欢迎<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />。预付电话合同所允许的呼出次数是有限的，而未接來電因为没有接通所以不会收费<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://infotech.indiatimes.com/Telecom/Telcos_miss_moolah_on_missed_calls/articleshow/1108866.cms|title=Telcos miss moolah on missed calls - Service Providers - Telecom - Indiatimes Infotech|accessdate=2018-07-09|date=2007-03-09}}</ref>。没有接通的电话不存在语言或文字的交流，所以未接來電还有超语言的优势<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" />。印度[[科泽科德]]管理学院市场管理教授Keyoor Purani认为，未接來電是一种“经济且广泛”的通信机制<ref name=":0" />。

由于收入的问题，{{tsl|en|prepay mobile phone|预付电话}}在新兴市场中广受欢迎<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />。预付电话合同所允许的呼出次数是有限的，而未接來電因为没有接通所以不会收费<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://infotech.indiatimes.com/Telecom/Telcos_miss_moolah_on_missed_calls/articleshow/1108866.cms|title=Telcos miss moolah on missed calls - Service Providers - Telecom - Indiatimes Infotech|accessdate=2018-07-09|date=2007-03-09}}</ref>。没有接通的电话不存在语言或文字的交流，所以未接來電还有超语言的优势<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" />。印度[[科泽科德]]管理学院市场管理教授Keyoor Purani认为，未接來電是一种“经济且广泛”的通信机制<ref name=":0" />。

在未接來電泛滥的国家，一些[[电信公司]]已经意识到未接來電带来的[[搭便车问题]]，因为他们无法从其中获利<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/etiquettes-go-missing-in-missed-calls/97627/|title=Etiquettes go missing in missed calls!|newspaper=The Financial Express|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref>。2005年8月，一家肯尼亚的运营商的估计显示其通信网络上每天有约400万个未接來電<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.balancingact-africa.com/news/telecoms-en/6334/flashing-report-identifies-four-million-flash-calls-on-mobile-network|title=‘FLASHING' REPORT IDENTIFIES FOUR MILLION FLASH CALLS ON MOBILE NETWORK {{!}} Balancing Act — Africa|accessdate=2018-07-09|author=|date=|last=dijit.net|work=www.balancingact-africa.com|publisher=|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=http://www.loosewireblog.com/2010/11/the-missed-call-the-decades-zeitgeist.html|title=The Missed Call: The Decade’s Zeitgeist?|date=2010-11-10|newspaper=loose wire blog|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref>。根据2006年的行业数据估算，印度有20%~25%的呼叫属未接来电<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/article1648465.ece|title=Missed call ends in missing revenue|newspaper=@businessline|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en}}</ref>。2007年，{{tsl|en|Cellular Operators Association of India|印度移动运营商协会}}声明将对印度移动网络上的未接來電带来的效应展开研究<ref name=":6" />。

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=== 市场营销和服务 ===

未接来电正逐渐成为[[移动营销]]的方式（英：missed call marketing，下称MCM）<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2013/08/mobile-advertising-india|title=Marketing a missed call|newspaper=The Economist|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en}}</ref>。MCM商家通常利用运营商可以接收无限量来电和[[短信息]]的优势，让消费者拨打一个号码（需等到建立连接再挂断，但无需接通，一般这些号码都配置成建立连接即挂断）<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite news|url=http://techcircle.vccircle.com/2011/03/14/this-missed-call-got-the-right-number-for-zipdial/|title=This Missed Call Got The Right Number For Zipdial|date=2011-03-14|newspaper=Techcircle|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref>。此号码之后将回拨给消费者，提供例如产品信息、打折促销等内容。广告商可以借此建立顾客数据库，以便之后进一步营销<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://digiday.com/marketing/wtf-is-missed-call-marketing-zipdial/|title=WTF is missed-call marketing? - Digiday|date=2015-01-21|newspaper=Digiday|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref~~><ref name=":9" /~~>。

未接来电正逐渐成为[[移动营销]]的方式（英：missed call marketing，下称MCM）<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2013/08/mobile-advertising-india|title=Marketing a missed call|newspaper=The Economist|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en}}</ref>。MCM商家通常利用运营商可以接收无限量来电和[[短信息]]的优势，让消费者拨打一个号码（需等到建立连接再挂断，但无需接通，一般这些号码都配置成建立连接即挂断）<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite news|url=http://techcircle.vccircle.com/2011/03/14/this-missed-call-got-the-right-number-for-zipdial/|title=This Missed Call Got The Right Number For Zipdial|date=2011-03-14|newspaper=Techcircle|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref>。此号码之后将回拨给消费者，提供例如产品信息、打折促销等内容。广告商可以借此建立顾客数据库，以便之后进一步营销<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://digiday.com/marketing/wtf-is-missed-call-marketing-zipdial/|title=WTF is missed-call marketing? - Digiday|date=2015-01-21|newspaper=Digiday|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref>。

MCM在印度因应了当地的经济和文化，发挥重要的作用。该国九成以上的手机用户使用预付，功能机尚且常见<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/LMEKSW86jVm45gsDfZc5dL/How-much-is-a-missed-call-worth.html|title=How much is a missed call worth?|last=Dina|first=Arzoo|date=2015-02-13|newspaper=https://www.livemint.com/|accessdate=2018-07-09}}</ref>，农村地区缺乏互联网连接，[[移动宽频]]市场十分狭窄<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nearly-10-lakh-people-heard-pm-narendra-modis-mann-ki-baat-on-mobile-by-giving-missed-call/articleshow/51147036.cms|title=Nearly 10 lakh people heard PM Narendra Modi’s Mann Ki Baat on mobile by giving missed call|last=Sharma|first=Aman|date=2016-02-26|newspaper=The Economic Times|accessdate=2018-07-09}}</ref>。未接来电在当地还有电话银行、电话投票等业务<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/briefly/2016/05/13/5-things-five-things-you-can-get-in-india-by-using-a-missed-call/|title=5 Things You Can Get in India With a Missed Call|accessdate=2018-07-09|date=2016-05-13|last=Anand|first=Shefali|work=WSJ|language=en-US}}</ref~~><ref name=":9" /~~>。

MCM在印度因应了当地的经济和文化，发挥重要的作用。该国九成以上的手机用户使用预付，功能机尚且常见<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/LMEKSW86jVm45gsDfZc5dL/How-much-is-a-missed-call-worth.html|title=How much is a missed call worth?|last=Dina|first=Arzoo|date=2015-02-13|newspaper=https://www.livemint.com/|accessdate=2018-07-09}}</ref>，农村地区缺乏互联网连接，[[移动宽频]]市场十分狭窄<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nearly-10-lakh-people-heard-pm-narendra-modis-mann-ki-baat-on-mobile-by-giving-missed-call/articleshow/51147036.cms|title=Nearly 10 lakh people heard PM Narendra Modi’s Mann Ki Baat on mobile by giving missed call|last=Sharma|first=Aman|date=2016-02-26|newspaper=The Economic Times|accessdate=2018-07-09}}</ref>。未接来电在当地还有电话银行、电话投票等业务<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/briefly/2016/05/13/5-things-five-things-you-can-get-in-india-by-using-a-missed-call/|title=5 Things You Can Get in India With a Missed Call|accessdate=2018-07-09|date=2016-05-13|last=Anand|first=Shefali|work=WSJ|language=en-US}}</ref>。

一些公司——例如Flashcall<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite news|url=http://mashable.com/2014/07/02/facebook-missed-call-ads-india/|title=Facebook Launches 'Missed Call' Ads in India|last=Wasserman|first=Todd|newspaper=Mashable|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en}}</ref>、VivaConnect<ref name=":12" />、Zipdial<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/01/19/twitter-confirms-acquistion-of-indias-missed-call-marketing-platform-zipdial/|title=Twitter Confirms Acquisition Of India’s Missed Call Marketing Platform ZipDial|newspaper=TechCrunch|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/03/06/zipdial-has-turned-400m-missed-calls-into-moneymaking-connections/|title=ZipDial Has Turned 400M Missed Calls Into Moneymaking Connections|newspaper=TechCrunch|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref>——专精于未接来电业务。Zipdial曾利用未接来电提供[[板球]]分数和声援反腐败运动（见下文），之后在2015年被Twitter以超过2000万美元收购<ref name=":15" />。2014年，Facebook称为了开发巴西、印度、印度尼西亚、南非等新兴商场，其将支持连接到未接来电的广告投放<ref name=":14" />。Facebook通过与Zipdial、后来又与VivaConnect合作实现了此服务。

第40行：

=== 骚扰 ===

[[File:Xiangyisheng.jpg|thumb|中国大陆生产的Android智能手机上的“拦截响一声来电”功能]]

[[File:Xiangyisheng.jpg|thumb|中国生产的Android智能手机上的“拦截响一声来电”功能]]

未接来电也经常被用于[[电信诈骗]]。如在中~~國大陸~~，一些诈骗人早期利用声讯号段<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://money.163.com/16/0908/04/C0DR7LAE002580S6.html|title=人民日报：固定电话和400／800号码是诈骗重灾区_网易财经|accessdate=2018-07-12|last=网易|work=money.163.com}}</ref>向众多用户拨打，令对方回拨以产生高额“声讯”费用，或者在被回拨时发布合法或非法广告、进行电信诈骗等活动<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/interface/yidian/1120781/2016-05-09/cd_25159924.html|title=揭秘:“响一声就挂”电话背后有什么阴谋!|accessdate=2018-07-09|author=东方网|date=2016-05-09|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/new-phone-scam-involves-overseas-calls|title=New phone scam involves overseas calls|date=2017-11-11|newspaper=Windsor Star|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Beware-of-calls-from-unknown-numbers/articleshow/46361618.cms|title=Beware of calls from unknown numbers - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=2018-07-09}}</ref>。这种未接来电在日语中叫做“{{link-ja|ワン切り}}”。中国大陆常称呼这种来电为“响一声来电”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tech.163.com/08/0421/08/4A1S1RAC000915BE.html|title=网易科技彻底调查响一声电话真相_网易科技|accessdate=2018-07-09|last=网易|work=tech.163.com}}</ref>，许多移动操作系统和应用程序提供屏蔽此类来电的功能。

未接来电也经常被用于[[电信诈骗]]。如在中国，一些诈骗人早期利用声讯号段<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://money.163.com/16/0908/04/C0DR7LAE002580S6.html|title=人民日报：固定电话和400／800号码是诈骗重灾区_网易财经|accessdate=2018-07-12|last=网易|work=money.163.com}}</ref>向众多用户拨打，令对方回拨以产生高额“声讯”费用，或者在被回拨时发布合法或非法广告、进行电信诈骗等活动<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/interface/yidian/1120781/2016-05-09/cd_25159924.html|title=揭秘:“响一声就挂”电话背后有什么阴谋!|accessdate=2018-07-09|author=东方网|date=2016-05-09|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/new-phone-scam-involves-overseas-calls|title=New phone scam involves overseas calls|date=2017-11-11|newspaper=Windsor Star|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Beware-of-calls-from-unknown-numbers/articleshow/46361618.cms|title=Beware of calls from unknown numbers - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=2018-07-09}}</ref>。这种未接来电在日语中叫做“{{link-ja|ワン切り}}”。中国常称呼这种来电为“响一声来电”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tech.163.com/08/0421/08/4A1S1RAC000915BE.html|title=网易科技彻底调查响一声电话真相_网易科技|accessdate=2018-07-09|last=网易|work=tech.163.com}}</ref>，许多移动操作系统和应用程序提供屏蔽此类来电的功能。

@@ 第5行： / 第5行： @@
 '''未接來電'''（{{lang-en|missed call}}）是呼叫者在接听者接听前有意挂断的电话。这是一种{{tsl|en|one-bit message|单方消息}}。
-在移动电话用户呼出数量有限的[[新兴市场]]中，未接来电得到广泛的使用：因为电话实际未接通，所以运营商并不会向呼叫者收取费用，进而不会影响他们的信用。在某些国家，连续的响一声来电被用来传递特定的信息。在非洲的某些地区，响一声来电被称作beeping<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1132926.stm|title=Uganda's 'beeping' nuisance|date=2001|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/news-blog/rules-of-beeping/|title=Rules of beeping|last=Stix|first=Gary|newspaper=Scientific American Blog Network|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en}}</ref>，在印尼被称为memancing（钓鱼）<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/missed-call-marketing-taken-hold-india/|title=Why ‘Missed Call’ Marketing Has Taken Hold in India - Knowledge@Wharton|newspaper=Knowledge@Wharton|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref>，在尼日利亚被称为flashing<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/910816446|title=Glocal English: The Changing Face and Forms of Nigerian English in a Global World|last=Kperogi|first=Farooq A.,|date=2015|publisher=Peter Lang|year=|isbn=9781453914946|location=New York|pages=|chapter=Glocal English : the changing face and forms of Nigerian English in a global world|oclc=910816446}}</ref>，巴基斯坦称作flashcall<ref name=":0" />，菲律宾称作miskol（miss call的另一种写法）<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/infotech/view_article.php?article_id=82266|title='Miskol' is Filipino word of the year at conference - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos|accessdate=2018-07-09|date=2008-03-16}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/10684/%E2%80%98miskol%E2%80%99-word-year|title=‘Miskol’ is word of the year， Philstar.com|accessdate=2018-07-09|author=|date=|work=philstar.com|publisher=}}</ref>。中国大陆有时把商业化的未接來電称作'''响一声来电'''<ref name=":1" />。
+在移动电话用户呼出数量有限的[[新兴市场]]中，未接来电得到广泛的使用：因为电话实际未接通，所以运营商并不会向呼叫者收取费用，进而不会影响他们的信用。在某些国家，连续的响一声来电被用来传递特定的信息。在非洲的某些地区，响一声来电被称作beeping<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1132926.stm|title=Uganda's 'beeping' nuisance|date=2001|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/news-blog/rules-of-beeping/|title=Rules of beeping|last=Stix|first=Gary|newspaper=Scientific American Blog Network|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en}}</ref>，在印尼被称为memancing（钓鱼）<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/missed-call-marketing-taken-hold-india/|title=Why ‘Missed Call’ Marketing Has Taken Hold in India - Knowledge@Wharton|newspaper=Knowledge@Wharton|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref>，在尼日利亚被称为flashing<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/910816446|title=Glocal English: The Changing Face and Forms of Nigerian English in a Global World|last=Kperogi|first=Farooq A.,|date=2015|publisher=Peter Lang|year=|isbn=9781453914946|location=New York|pages=|chapter=Glocal English : the changing face and forms of Nigerian English in a global world|oclc=910816446}}</ref>，巴基斯坦称作flashcall<ref name=":0" />，菲律宾称作miskol（miss call的另一种写法）<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/infotech/view_article.php?article_id=82266|title='Miskol' is Filipino word of the year at conference - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos|accessdate=2018-07-09|date=2008-03-16}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/10684/%E2%80%98miskol%E2%80%99-word-year|title=‘Miskol’ is word of the year， Philstar.com|accessdate=2018-07-09|author=|date=|work=philstar.com|publisher=}}</ref>。中国有时把商业化的未接來電称作'''响一声来电'''<ref name=":1" />。
 在印度，未接來電拥有比较高的知名度。作为一种[[行销企划]]，未接來電已经不仅仅是一种通常的通信方式，更作为诱导用户回拨或回信那些含有广告的电话的手段。由于印度的[[功能机]]用户比[[智能手机]]用户更为常见，所以在宣传方面，不只是未接來電，还有其他的方法。
 == 理由和影响 ==
-由于收入的问题，{{tsl|en|prepay mobile phone|预付电话}}在新兴市场中广受欢迎<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />。预付电话合同所允许的呼出次数是有限的，而未接來電因为没有接通所以不会收费<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://infotech.indiatimes.com/Telecom/Telcos_miss_moolah_on_missed_calls/articleshow/1108866.cms|title=Telcos miss moolah on missed calls - Service Providers - Telecom - Indiatimes Infotech|accessdate=2018-07-09|date=2007-03-09}}</ref>。没有接通的电话不存在语言或文字的交流，所以未接來電还有超语言的优势<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" />。印度[[科泽科德]]管理学院市场管理教授Keyoor Purani认为，未接來電是一种“经济且广泛”的通信机制<ref name=":0" />。
+由于收入的问题，{{tsl|en|prepay mobile phone|预付电话}}在新兴市场中广受欢迎<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />。预付电话合同所允许的呼出次数是有限的，而未接來電因为没有接通所以不会收费<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://infotech.indiatimes.com/Telecom/Telcos_miss_moolah_on_missed_calls/articleshow/1108866.cms|title=Telcos miss moolah on missed calls - Service Providers - Telecom - Indiatimes Infotech|accessdate=2018-07-09|date=2007-03-09}}</ref>。没有接通的电话不存在语言或文字的交流，所以未接來電还有超语言的优势<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" />。印度[[科泽科德]]管理学院市场管理教授Keyoor Purani认为，未接來電是一种“经济且广泛”的通信机制<ref name=":0" />。
 在未接來電泛滥的国家，一些[[电信公司]]已经意识到未接來電带来的[[搭便车问题]]，因为他们无法从其中获利<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/etiquettes-go-missing-in-missed-calls/97627/|title=Etiquettes go missing in missed calls!|newspaper=The Financial Express|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref>。2005年8月，一家肯尼亚的运营商的估计显示其通信网络上每天有约400万个未接來電<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.balancingact-africa.com/news/telecoms-en/6334/flashing-report-identifies-four-million-flash-calls-on-mobile-network|title=‘FLASHING' REPORT IDENTIFIES FOUR MILLION FLASH CALLS ON MOBILE NETWORK {{!}} Balancing Act — Africa|accessdate=2018-07-09|author=|date=|last=dijit.net|work=www.balancingact-africa.com|publisher=|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=http://www.loosewireblog.com/2010/11/the-missed-call-the-decades-zeitgeist.html|title=The Missed Call: The Decade’s Zeitgeist?|date=2010-11-10|newspaper=loose wire blog|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref>。根据2006年的行业数据估算，印度有20%~25%的呼叫属未接来电<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/article1648465.ece|title=Missed call ends in missing revenue|newspaper=@businessline|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en}}</ref>。2007年，{{tsl|en|Cellular Operators Association of India|印度移动运营商协会}}声明将对印度移动网络上的未接來電带来的效应展开研究<ref name=":6" />。
@@ 第23行： / 第23行： @@
 === 市场营销和服务 ===
-未接来电正逐渐成为[[移动营销]]的方式（英：missed call marketing，下称MCM）<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2013/08/mobile-advertising-india|title=Marketing a missed call|newspaper=The Economist|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en}}</ref>。MCM商家通常利用运营商可以接收无限量来电和[[短信息]]的优势，让消费者拨打一个号码（需等到建立连接再挂断，但无需接通，一般这些号码都配置成建立连接即挂断）<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite news|url=http://techcircle.vccircle.com/2011/03/14/this-missed-call-got-the-right-number-for-zipdial/|title=This Missed Call Got The Right Number For Zipdial|date=2011-03-14|newspaper=Techcircle|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref>。此号码之后将回拨给消费者，提供例如产品信息、打折促销等内容。广告商可以借此建立顾客数据库，以便之后进一步营销<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://digiday.com/marketing/wtf-is-missed-call-marketing-zipdial/|title=WTF is missed-call marketing? - Digiday|date=2015-01-21|newspaper=Digiday|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":9" />。
+未接来电正逐渐成为[[移动营销]]的方式（英：missed call marketing，下称MCM）<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2013/08/mobile-advertising-india|title=Marketing a missed call|newspaper=The Economist|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en}}</ref>。MCM商家通常利用运营商可以接收无限量来电和[[短信息]]的优势，让消费者拨打一个号码（需等到建立连接再挂断，但无需接通，一般这些号码都配置成建立连接即挂断）<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite news|url=http://techcircle.vccircle.com/2011/03/14/this-missed-call-got-the-right-number-for-zipdial/|title=This Missed Call Got The Right Number For Zipdial|date=2011-03-14|newspaper=Techcircle|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref>。此号码之后将回拨给消费者，提供例如产品信息、打折促销等内容。广告商可以借此建立顾客数据库，以便之后进一步营销<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://digiday.com/marketing/wtf-is-missed-call-marketing-zipdial/|title=WTF is missed-call marketing? - Digiday|date=2015-01-21|newspaper=Digiday|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref>。
-MCM在印度因应了当地的经济和文化，发挥重要的作用。该国九成以上的手机用户使用预付，功能机尚且常见<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/LMEKSW86jVm45gsDfZc5dL/How-much-is-a-missed-call-worth.html|title=How much is a missed call worth?|last=Dina|first=Arzoo|date=2015-02-13|newspaper=https://www.livemint.com/|accessdate=2018-07-09}}</ref>，农村地区缺乏互联网连接，[[移动宽频]]市场十分狭窄<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nearly-10-lakh-people-heard-pm-narendra-modis-mann-ki-baat-on-mobile-by-giving-missed-call/articleshow/51147036.cms|title=Nearly 10 lakh people heard PM Narendra Modi’s Mann Ki Baat on mobile by giving missed call|last=Sharma|first=Aman|date=2016-02-26|newspaper=The Economic Times|accessdate=2018-07-09}}</ref>。未接来电在当地还有电话银行、电话投票等业务<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/briefly/2016/05/13/5-things-five-things-you-can-get-in-india-by-using-a-missed-call/|title=5 Things You Can Get in India With a Missed Call|accessdate=2018-07-09|date=2016-05-13|last=Anand|first=Shefali|work=WSJ|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":9" />。
+MCM在印度因应了当地的经济和文化，发挥重要的作用。该国九成以上的手机用户使用预付，功能机尚且常见<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/LMEKSW86jVm45gsDfZc5dL/How-much-is-a-missed-call-worth.html|title=How much is a missed call worth?|last=Dina|first=Arzoo|date=2015-02-13|newspaper=https://www.livemint.com/|accessdate=2018-07-09}}</ref>，农村地区缺乏互联网连接，[[移动宽频]]市场十分狭窄<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nearly-10-lakh-people-heard-pm-narendra-modis-mann-ki-baat-on-mobile-by-giving-missed-call/articleshow/51147036.cms|title=Nearly 10 lakh people heard PM Narendra Modi’s Mann Ki Baat on mobile by giving missed call|last=Sharma|first=Aman|date=2016-02-26|newspaper=The Economic Times|accessdate=2018-07-09}}</ref>。未接来电在当地还有电话银行、电话投票等业务<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/briefly/2016/05/13/5-things-five-things-you-can-get-in-india-by-using-a-missed-call/|title=5 Things You Can Get in India With a Missed Call|accessdate=2018-07-09|date=2016-05-13|last=Anand|first=Shefali|work=WSJ|language=en-US}}</ref>。
 一些公司——例如Flashcall<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite news|url=http://mashable.com/2014/07/02/facebook-missed-call-ads-india/|title=Facebook Launches 'Missed Call' Ads in India|last=Wasserman|first=Todd|newspaper=Mashable|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en}}</ref>、VivaConnect<ref name=":12" />、Zipdial<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/01/19/twitter-confirms-acquistion-of-indias-missed-call-marketing-platform-zipdial/|title=Twitter Confirms Acquisition Of India’s Missed Call Marketing Platform ZipDial|newspaper=TechCrunch|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/03/06/zipdial-has-turned-400m-missed-calls-into-moneymaking-connections/|title=ZipDial Has Turned 400M Missed Calls Into Moneymaking Connections|newspaper=TechCrunch|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref>——专精于未接来电业务。Zipdial曾利用未接来电提供[[板球]]分数和声援反腐败运动（见下文），之后在2015年被Twitter以超过2000万美元收购<ref name=":15" />。2014年，Facebook称为了开发巴西、印度、印度尼西亚、南非等新兴商场，其将支持连接到未接来电的广告投放<ref name=":14" />。Facebook通过与Zipdial、后来又与VivaConnect合作实现了此服务。
@@ 第40行： / 第40行： @@
 === 骚扰 ===
-[[File:Xiangyisheng.jpg|thumb|中国大陆生产的Android智能手机上的“拦截响一声来电”功能]]
+[[File:Xiangyisheng.jpg|thumb|中国生产的Android智能手机上的“拦截响一声来电”功能]]
-未接来电也经常被用于[[电信诈骗]]。如在中國大陸，一些诈骗人早期利用声讯号段<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://money.163.com/16/0908/04/C0DR7LAE002580S6.html|title=人民日报：固定电话和400／800号码是诈骗重灾区_网易财经|accessdate=2018-07-12|last=网易|work=money.163.com}}</ref>向众多用户拨打，令对方回拨以产生高额“声讯”费用，或者在被回拨时发布合法或非法广告、进行电信诈骗等活动<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/interface/yidian/1120781/2016-05-09/cd_25159924.html|title=揭秘:“响一声就挂”电话背后有什么阴谋!|accessdate=2018-07-09|author=东方网|date=2016-05-09|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/new-phone-scam-involves-overseas-calls|title=New phone scam involves overseas calls|date=2017-11-11|newspaper=Windsor Star|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Beware-of-calls-from-unknown-numbers/articleshow/46361618.cms|title=Beware of calls from unknown numbers - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=2018-07-09}}</ref>。这种未接来电在日语中叫做“{{link-ja|ワン切り}}”。中国大陆常称呼这种来电为“响一声来电”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tech.163.com/08/0421/08/4A1S1RAC000915BE.html|title=网易科技彻底调查响一声电话真相_网易科技|accessdate=2018-07-09|last=网易|work=tech.163.com}}</ref>，许多移动操作系统和应用程序提供屏蔽此类来电的功能。
+未接来电也经常被用于[[电信诈骗]]。如在中国，一些诈骗人早期利用声讯号段<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://money.163.com/16/0908/04/C0DR7LAE002580S6.html|title=人民日报：固定电话和400／800号码是诈骗重灾区_网易财经|accessdate=2018-07-12|last=网易|work=money.163.com}}</ref>向众多用户拨打，令对方回拨以产生高额“声讯”费用，或者在被回拨时发布合法或非法广告、进行电信诈骗等活动<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/interface/yidian/1120781/2016-05-09/cd_25159924.html|title=揭秘:“响一声就挂”电话背后有什么阴谋!|accessdate=2018-07-09|author=东方网|date=2016-05-09|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/new-phone-scam-involves-overseas-calls|title=New phone scam involves overseas calls|date=2017-11-11|newspaper=Windsor Star|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Beware-of-calls-from-unknown-numbers/articleshow/46361618.cms|title=Beware of calls from unknown numbers - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=2018-07-09}}</ref>。这种未接来电在日语中叫做“{{link-ja|ワン切り}}”。中国常称呼这种来电为“响一声来电”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tech.163.com/08/0421/08/4A1S1RAC000915BE.html|title=网易科技彻底调查响一声电话真相_网易科技|accessdate=2018-07-09|last=网易|work=tech.163.com}}</ref>，许多移动操作系统和应用程序提供屏蔽此类来电的功能。
 {{-}}