希望螈目：修订间差异

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'''希望螈目'''（学名：Elpistostegalia）为生活于[[泥盆纪]]晚期（约 385 - 374 百万年前）[[肉鳍鱼总纲]]下的一[[目 (生物)|目]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonName.aspx?id=987575&tree=0.1 |title=Elpistostegidae on the Taxonomicon |accessdate=2019-04-09 |||}}</ref>，属于较为进阶的[[四足形类]]，亲缘关系上比{{link-en|骨鳞鱼目|Osteolepiformes}}更为与[[四足类]]接近。
'''希望螈目'''（学名：Elpistostegalia）为生活于[[泥盆纪]]晚期（约 385 - 374 百万年前）[[肉鳍鱼总纲]]下的一[[目 (生物)|目]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonName.aspx?id=987575&tree=0.1 |title=Elpistostegidae on the Taxonomicon |accessdate=2019-04-09 }}</ref>，属于较为进阶的[[四足形类]]，亲缘关系上比{{link-en|骨鳞鱼目|Osteolepiformes}}更为与[[四足类]]接近。


== 古生态学 ==
== 古生态学 ==
全球氧含量的上升使得大型掠食性鱼类得以演化，并成为浅海沿岸与[[淡水沼泽]]地区的顶级掠食者<ref name=Dahl>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dahl TW, Hammarlund EU, Anbar AD |title=Devonian rise in atmospheric oxygen correlated to the radiations of terrestrial plants and large predatory fish |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=107 |issue=42 |pages=17911–5 |date=October 2010 |pmid=20884852 |pmc=2964239 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1011287107 |bibcode = 2010PNAS..10717911D |display-authors=etal}}</ref>。其中最成功的一群就属希望螈目的物种，然而这些物种在这样的环境中仍然会面临周期性缺氧的问题<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lewis Jr. |first=William M. |title=Morphological Adaptations of Cyprinodontoids for Inhabiting Oxygen Deficient Waters |journal=Copeia |date=1 June 1970 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=319–326 |url=http://ciresweb.colorado.edu/limnology/pubs/pdfs/Pub001.pdf |jstor=1441653 |doi=10.2307/1441653 ||||df= }}</ref>。在现代[[优养化]]的湖以及沼泽中，[[肺鱼]]与[[鲶鱼]]得以透过呼吸空气来解決水中缺氧的困境<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1502-3931.1990.tb01357.x |author=Long, J.A. |title=Heterochrony and the origin of tetrapods ||journal=Lethaia |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=157–166 |year=1990 }}</ref><ref name="Armbruster1998">{{cite journal|url=http://www.auburn.edu/academic/science_math/res_area/loricariid/fish_key/Air.pdf|title=Modifications of the Digestive Tract for Holding Air in Loricariid and Scoloplacid Catfishes|journal=[[Copeia]]|volume=1998|year=1998|issue=3|pages=663–675|accessdate=25 June 2009|doi=10.2307/1447796|jstor=1447796|last1=Armbruster|first1=Jonathan W.|||}}</ref>。
全球氧含量的上升使得大型掠食性鱼类得以演化，并成为浅海沿岸与[[淡水沼泽]]地区的顶级掠食者<ref name=Dahl>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dahl TW, Hammarlund EU, Anbar AD |title=Devonian rise in atmospheric oxygen correlated to the radiations of terrestrial plants and large predatory fish |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=107 |issue=42 |pages=17911–5 |date=October 2010 |pmid=20884852 |pmc=2964239 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1011287107 |bibcode = 2010PNAS..10717911D |display-authors=etal}}</ref>。其中最成功的一群就属希望螈目的物种，然而这些物种在这样的环境中仍然会面临周期性缺氧的问题<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lewis Jr. |first=William M. |title=Morphological Adaptations of Cyprinodontoids for Inhabiting Oxygen Deficient Waters |journal=Copeia |date=1 June 1970 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=319–326 |url=http://ciresweb.colorado.edu/limnology/pubs/pdfs/Pub001.pdf |jstor=1441653 |doi=10.2307/1441653 ||||df= }}</ref>。在现代[[优养化]]的湖以及沼泽中，[[肺鱼]]与[[鲶鱼]]得以透过呼吸空气来解決水中缺氧的困境<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1502-3931.1990.tb01357.x |author=Long, J.A. |title=Heterochrony and the origin of tetrapods ||journal=Lethaia |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=157–166 |year=1990 }}</ref><ref name="Armbruster1998">{{cite journal|url=http://www.auburn.edu/academic/science_math/res_area/loricariid/fish_key/Air.pdf|title=Modifications of the Digestive Tract for Holding Air in Loricariid and Scoloplacid Catfishes|journal=[[Copeia]]|volume=1998|year=1998|issue=3|pages=663–675|accessdate=25 June 2009|doi=10.2307/1447796|jstor=1447796|last1=Armbruster|first1=Jonathan W.}}</ref>。


希望螈目有许多特征得以帮助演化成更为适应陆地生活的四足类，其中最重要的一项就是游泳的主要推进来源由尾鳍转移至胸鳍与腹鳍，另外也逐渐用肺取代鰓来作为主要的呼吸器官<ref name=Gordon&Long>{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/425183 |author1=Gordon, M.S. |author2=Long, J.A. |title=The Greatest Step In Vertebrate History: A Paleobiological Review of the Fish-Tetrapod Transition |journal=Physiological and Biochemical Zoology |volume=77 |issue=5 |pages=700–719 |year=2004 |url=http://usf.usfca.edu/fac_staff/dever/tetrapod_review.pdf |pmid=15547790 |access-date=2019-04-09 |||}}</ref>，这些特征多半是为了适应生活于内陆的水生生态系<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1998.tb02526.x |author=Ahlberg, P.E. |title=Postcranial stem tetrapod remains from the Devonian of Scat Craig, Morayshire, Scotland |journal=[[Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=122 |issue=1–2 |pages=99–141 |year=1998 }}</ref>。
希望螈目有许多特征得以帮助演化成更为适应陆地生活的四足类，其中最重要的一项就是游泳的主要推进来源由尾鳍转移至胸鳍与腹鳍，另外也逐渐用肺取代鰓来作为主要的呼吸器官<ref name=Gordon&Long>{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/425183 |author1=Gordon, M.S. |author2=Long, J.A. |title=The Greatest Step In Vertebrate History: A Paleobiological Review of the Fish-Tetrapod Transition |journal=Physiological and Biochemical Zoology |volume=77 |issue=5 |pages=700–719 |year=2004 |url=http://usf.usfca.edu/fac_staff/dever/tetrapod_review.pdf |pmid=15547790 |access-date=2019-04-09 }}</ref>，这些特征多半是为了适应生活于内陆的水生生态系<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1998.tb02526.x |author=Ahlberg, P.E. |title=Postcranial stem tetrapod remains from the Devonian of Scat Craig, Morayshire, Scotland |journal=[[Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=122 |issue=1–2 |pages=99–141 |year=1998 }}</ref>。


希望螈目于约 375 百万年前的{{link-en|法门阶|Famennian}}（相当于[[泥盆纪]]晚期）演化出[[四足类]]，其他非四足类的希望螈目物种卻在约于 380 百万年前的{{link-en|弗拉斯阶|Frasnian}}之后快速走向绝种。现存希望螈目下的物种仅存有四足类一演化支<ref name=Trackways>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1038/nature08623 | title = Tetrapod trackways from the early Middle Devonian period of Poland | year = 2010 | last1 = Niedźwiedzki | first1 = Grzegorz | last2 = Szrek | first2 = Piotr | last3 = Narkiewicz | first3 = Katarzyna | last4 = Narkiewicz | first4 = Marek | last5 = Ahlberg | first5 = Per E. | journal = Nature | volume = 463 | issue = 7277 | pages = 43–8 | pmid = 20054388 |bibcode = 2010Natur.463...43N }}</ref>。
希望螈目于约 375 百万年前的{{link-en|法门阶|Famennian}}（相当于[[泥盆纪]]晚期）演化出[[四足类]]，其他非四足类的希望螈目物种卻在约于 380 百万年前的{{link-en|弗拉斯阶|Frasnian}}之后快速走向绝种。现存希望螈目下的物种仅存有四足类一演化支<ref name=Trackways>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1038/nature08623 | title = Tetrapod trackways from the early Middle Devonian period of Poland | year = 2010 | last1 = Niedźwiedzki | first1 = Grzegorz | last2 = Szrek | first2 = Piotr | last3 = Narkiewicz | first3 = Katarzyna | last4 = Narkiewicz | first4 = Marek | last5 = Ahlberg | first5 = Per E. | journal = Nature | volume = 463 | issue = 7277 | pages = 43–8 | pmid = 20054388 |bibcode = 2010Natur.463...43N }}</ref>。


== 系统分类学 ==
== 系统分类学 ==
以下[[支序分类学]]系根据 Swartz, 2012.<ref name=SB12>{{cite journal | last = Swartz | first = B. | year = 2012 | title = A marine stem-tetrapod from the Devonian of Western North America | journal = PLoS ONE | pmid = 22448265 | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pmc = 3308997 | pages = e33683 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0033683 | url = http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0033683;jsessionid=E4E007B3FAC50B3B0C7C2B8B0CBE3F83 | format = | accessdate = | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...733683S | | | }}</ref>：
以下[[支序分类学]]系根据 Swartz, 2012.<ref name=SB12>{{cite journal | last = Swartz | first = B. | year = 2012 | title = A marine stem-tetrapod from the Devonian of Western North America | journal = PLoS ONE | pmid = 22448265 | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pmc = 3308997 | pages = e33683 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0033683 | url = http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0033683;jsessionid=E4E007B3FAC50B3B0C7C2B8B0CBE3F83 | format = | accessdate = | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...733683S }}</ref>：
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{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
|label1={{link-en|始四足目|Eotetrapodiformes}} Eotetrapodiformes
|label1={{link-en|始四足目|Eotetrapodiformes}} Eotetrapodiformes
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