官方(法人):修订间差异

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國王(the Crown)的概念從封建制度而起。<ref>''The Crown as Corporation'', Frederic William Maitland, Law Quarterly Review 17 (1901) pp. 131–46 [http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/maitland/crowncor.mai] </ref>歐洲各國的傳統各有不同,而在英格蘭王國的一切封建權利與特權最終都歸屬統治者。例如土地方面,國王(the Crown)把土地授予領主以交換軍事服務, 而領主則把土地轉租給下級領主。又例如國王(the Crown)是所有財產的最終擁有人,所以當某樣財物變成{{le|無主財物|bona vacantia}},該財物即歸於官方擁有。
國王(the Crown)的概念從封建制度而起。<ref>''The Crown as Corporation'', Frederic William Maitland, Law Quarterly Review 17 (1901) pp. 131–46 [http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/maitland/crowncor.mai] </ref>歐洲各國的傳統各有不同,而在英格蘭王國的一切封建權利與特權最終都歸屬統治者。例如土地方面,國王(the Crown)把土地授予領主以交換軍事服務, 而領主則把土地轉租給下級領主。又例如國王(the Crown)是所有財產的最終擁有人,所以當某樣財物變成{{le|無主財物|bona vacantia}},該財物即歸於官方擁有。


君主本人是官方在世的體現,<ref>{{Citation| last=Elizabeth II| | publication-date=2005-04-01| title=Interpretation Act| series=46.1.b| publication-place=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| url=http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/rsc-1985-c-i-21/latest/rsc-1985-c-i-21.html| accessdate=2009-08-07| year=2005| | | }}</ref>被視為國家的[[擬人化]]。<ref>{{Citation| last=Cabinet Secretary and Clerk of the Executive Council| title=Executive Government Processes and Procedures in Saskatchewan: A Procedures Manual| place=Regina| publisher=Queen's Printer for Saskatchewan| date=2004-04| page=10| url=http://www.gov.sk.ca/adx/aspx/adxGetMedia.aspx?DocID=635,617,534,206,Documents&MediaID=752&Filename=2004Manual.pdf| accessdate=2009-07-30| | | }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/TheQueensroleinCanada.aspx| last=The Royal Household| title=The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and Canada > The Queen's role in Canada| publisher=Queen's Printer| accessdate=2009-05-15| | | }}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last=MacLeod| first=Kevin S.| | title=A Crown of Maples| page=51| place=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| year=2012| edition=2| url=http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4| isbn=978-0-662-46012-1| accessdate=2012-11-28| | | }}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last=Marleau| first=Robert| author2=Montpetit, Camille| title=House of Commons Procedure and Practice| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| year=2000| location=Ottawa| id=1. Parliamentary Institutions > Institutional Framework > The Crown| url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/MarleauMontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?DocId=1001&Sec=Ch01&Seq=3&Lang=E| isbn=2-89461-378-4| | | | accessdate=2017-01-11}}</ref><ref name=Compendium>{{Cite journal| last=Table Research Branch of the House of Commons| | title=Compendium of Procedure| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| date=2008-03| location=Ottawa| page=1| url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/compendium/web-content/pdf-e/parliamentaryframework-e/c_d_rolecrowngovernorgeneral-e.pdf| | | accessdate=2009-10-14| journal=| author=| }}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last=Citizenship and Immigration Canada| | title=Discover Canada| place=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| year=2009| page=2| url=http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/pdf/pub/discover.pdf| isbn=978-1-100-12739-2| accessdate=2009-12-03| | | }}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last=Tidridge| first=Nathan| title=Canada's Constitutional Monarchy: An Introduction to Our Form of Government| page=17| publisher=Dundurn Press| location=Toronto| year=2011| isbn=9781459700840| | accessdate=2017-01-11| | | }}</ref>於是,在位的君主身上被視為有兩種同時存在的角色,其一是他天生為人的角色,其二是法律所賦予他的國家角色。官方與君主本人「概念上可分割,但法律上不可分割……此公職沒有人擔任就不能存在」。<ref>{{citation| url=http://www.ottawacitizen.com/opinion/op-ed/Succeeding+Canadian+throne/7651371/story.html| last=Bowden| first=James| last2=Philippe| first2=Lagassé| title=Succeeding to the Canadian throne| date=2012-12-06| newspaper=Ottawa Citizen| accessdate=2012-12-06| | | }}</ref>「國家」、「官方」<ref>{{citation| url=http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/F-11/FullText.html| last=Elizabeth II| title=Financial Administration Act| date=2012-10-09| location=83.1| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=2012-12-06| | | }}</ref>、「(某屬土)賦予權利的官方 (the Crown in right of [jurisdiction])」、「以(某屬土)為權利主體的女王陛下 (Her Majesty the Queen in Right of [jurisdiction])」<ref>{{Cite journal| last=Elizabeth II| | title=Memorandum for Understanding of Cooperation on Addressing Climate Change| date=2004-05-21| page=1| place=Toronto| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| url=http://arizonaenergy.org/images/ontario_mou_e.pdf| accessdate=2009-05-16| journal=| | | }}</ref>等用語都是同義詞,有時君主的法律人格也會簡稱作相關屬土的地名。<ref name=Compendium/><ref>{{Cite journal| author=Elizabeth II| | title=A First Nations – Federal Crown Political Accord| url=http://www.afn.ca/cmslib/general/PolAcc.pdf| series=1| year=2004| page=3| place=Ottawa| publisher=Assembly of First Nations| | | accessdate=2009-09-29| journal=| }}</ref>(在[[大陸法系]]國家,國家的概念相當於國王<ref name=Jackson20>{{citation ||last=Jackson |first=Michael D |title=The Crown and Canadian Federalism |page=20 |publisher=Dundurn Press |location=Toronto |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4597-0989-8 |accessdate=2019-04-26 |||}}</ref>)。
君主本人是官方在世的體現,<ref>{{Citation| last=Elizabeth II| | publication-date=2005-04-01| title=Interpretation Act| series=46.1.b| publication-place=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| url=http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/rsc-1985-c-i-21/latest/rsc-1985-c-i-21.html| accessdate=2009-08-07| year=2005}}</ref>被視為國家的[[擬人化]]。<ref>{{Citation| last=Cabinet Secretary and Clerk of the Executive Council| title=Executive Government Processes and Procedures in Saskatchewan: A Procedures Manual| place=Regina| publisher=Queen's Printer for Saskatchewan| date=2004-04| page=10| url=http://www.gov.sk.ca/adx/aspx/adxGetMedia.aspx?DocID=635,617,534,206,Documents&MediaID=752&Filename=2004Manual.pdf| accessdate=2009-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/TheQueensroleinCanada.aspx| last=The Royal Household| title=The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and Canada > The Queen's role in Canada| publisher=Queen's Printer| accessdate=2009-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last=MacLeod| first=Kevin S.| | title=A Crown of Maples| page=51| place=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| year=2012| edition=2| url=http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/DAMAssetPub/DAM-CRN-jblDmt-dmdJbl/STAGING/texte-text/crnMpls_1336157759317_eng.pdf?WT.contentAuthority=4.4.4| isbn=978-0-662-46012-1| accessdate=2012-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last=Marleau| first=Robert| author2=Montpetit, Camille| title=House of Commons Procedure and Practice| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| year=2000| location=Ottawa| id=1. Parliamentary Institutions > Institutional Framework > The Crown| url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/MarleauMontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?DocId=1001&Sec=Ch01&Seq=3&Lang=E| isbn=2-89461-378-4| | | | accessdate=2017-01-11}}</ref><ref name=Compendium>{{Cite journal| last=Table Research Branch of the House of Commons| | title=Compendium of Procedure| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| date=2008-03| location=Ottawa| page=1| url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/compendium/web-content/pdf-e/parliamentaryframework-e/c_d_rolecrowngovernorgeneral-e.pdf| | | accessdate=2009-10-14| journal=| author=}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last=Citizenship and Immigration Canada| | title=Discover Canada| place=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| year=2009| page=2| url=http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/pdf/pub/discover.pdf| isbn=978-1-100-12739-2| accessdate=2009-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last=Tidridge| first=Nathan| title=Canada's Constitutional Monarchy: An Introduction to Our Form of Government| page=17| publisher=Dundurn Press| location=Toronto| year=2011| isbn=9781459700840| | accessdate=2017-01-11}}</ref>於是,在位的君主身上被視為有兩種同時存在的角色,其一是他天生為人的角色,其二是法律所賦予他的國家角色。官方與君主本人「概念上可分割,但法律上不可分割……此公職沒有人擔任就不能存在」。<ref>{{citation| url=http://www.ottawacitizen.com/opinion/op-ed/Succeeding+Canadian+throne/7651371/story.html| last=Bowden| first=James| last2=Philippe| first2=Lagassé| title=Succeeding to the Canadian throne| date=2012-12-06| newspaper=Ottawa Citizen| accessdate=2012-12-06}}</ref>「國家」、「官方」<ref>{{citation| url=http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/F-11/FullText.html| last=Elizabeth II| title=Financial Administration Act| date=2012-10-09| location=83.1| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=2012-12-06}}</ref>、「(某屬土)賦予權利的官方 (the Crown in right of [jurisdiction])」、「以(某屬土)為權利主體的女王陛下 (Her Majesty the Queen in Right of [jurisdiction])」<ref>{{Cite journal| last=Elizabeth II| | title=Memorandum for Understanding of Cooperation on Addressing Climate Change| date=2004-05-21| page=1| place=Toronto| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| url=http://arizonaenergy.org/images/ontario_mou_e.pdf| accessdate=2009-05-16| journal=}}</ref>等用語都是同義詞,有時君主的法律人格也會簡稱作相關屬土的地名。<ref name=Compendium/><ref>{{Cite journal| author=Elizabeth II| | title=A First Nations – Federal Crown Political Accord| url=http://www.afn.ca/cmslib/general/PolAcc.pdf| series=1| year=2004| page=3| place=Ottawa| publisher=Assembly of First Nations| | | accessdate=2009-09-29| journal=}}</ref>(在[[大陸法系]]國家,國家的概念相當於國王<ref name=Jackson20>{{citation ||last=Jackson |first=Michael D |title=The Crown and Canadian Federalism |page=20 |publisher=Dundurn Press |location=Toronto |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4597-0989-8 |accessdate=2019-04-26 }}</ref>)。


=== 香港 ===
=== 香港 ===