健康经济学:修订间差异

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[[File:World Health Expenditure as Share of Global GDP, OWID.svg|缩略图|upright=1.6|全球医疗卫生支出佔全球GDP的比率图。<ref>{{cite web |title=World Health Expenditure as Share of Global GDP |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/world-health-expenditure-as-share-of-global-gdp |website=Our World in Data |accessdate=5 March 2020 |||}}</ref>]]
[[File:World Health Expenditure as Share of Global GDP, OWID.svg|缩略图|upright=1.6|全球医疗卫生支出佔全球GDP的比率图。<ref>{{cite web |title=World Health Expenditure as Share of Global GDP |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/world-health-expenditure-as-share-of-global-gdp |website=Our World in Data |accessdate=2020-03-05 |||}}</ref>]]
[[File:How much did the UK spend on healthcare in 2012?.png|缩略图|250px|[[英国]]从1997年到2012年在医疗卫生的支出,以及其他相关资料。]]
[[File:How much did the UK spend on healthcare in 2012?.png|缩略图|250px|[[英国]]从1997年到2012年在医疗卫生的支出,以及其他相关资料。]]
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== 政府干預医疗市场的经济原理 ==
== 政府干預医疗市场的经济原理 ==
由Sherman Folland、Allen C. Goodman、Miron Stano三位共同撰写的“健康经济学与医疗卫生(The Economics of Health and Health Care)”一书,<ref>{{cite book |last1= Folland|first1= Sherman|last2= Goodman|first2= Allen C.|last3= Miron |first3= Stano||date= 6 June 2017|title= The Economics of Health and Health Care|url= https://www.routledge.com/The-Economics-of-Health-and-Health-Care/Folland-Goodman-Stano/p/book/9781138208049|location= |publisher= RoutelegeRouteledge|page= |isbn= |}}</ref>列出促使政府对医疗系统做干預,而非任其透过私人市场运作,有几个原因,列举如下:
由Sherman Folland、Allen C. Goodman、Miron Stano三位共同撰写的“健康经济学与医疗卫生(The Economics of Health and Health Care)”一书,<ref>{{cite book |last1= Folland|first1= Sherman|last2= Goodman|first2= Allen C.|last3= Miron |first3= Stano||date= 2017-06-06|title= The Economics of Health and Health Care|url= https://www.routledge.com/The-Economics-of-Health-and-Health-Care/Folland-Goodman-Stano/p/book/9781138208049|location= |publisher= RoutelegeRouteledge|page= |isbn= |}}</ref>列出促使政府对医疗系统做干預,而非任其透过私人市场运作,有几个原因,列举如下:


1.首先是要确保如医院和疫苗等的[[公共财]]和部分具有公共性质的产品,能获得最理想的生产和消费。
1.首先是要确保如医院和疫苗等的[[公共财]]和部分具有公共性质的产品,能获得最理想的生产和消费。
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=== 心理健康经济学 ===
=== 心理健康经济学 ===
[[心理健康]]经济学涵盖有相当多的主题,从[[药物经济学]],到[[劳动经济学]],和[[福利经济学]]。心理健康可通过受到影响的个人作为人力资本,与经济直接发生关联。两位经济学家{{link-en|Janet Currie|Janet Currie}} 和马克·斯塔比尔(Mark Stabile)在2009年发表报告《"儿童心理健康与人力资本(Mental Health in Childhood and Human Capital)" 》,他们评估常见的儿童心理健康问题,如何影响到他们的人力资本积累的情況。<ref>Currie, Janet and Mark Stabile. "Mental Health in Childhood and Human Capital". ''The Problems of Disadvantaged Youth: An Economic Perspective'' ed. J. Gruber. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.</ref>外部性包括受影响的个人对周围(例如在工作场所,或在家中)的人力资本影响。<ref name="Evers, S. 2007">{{citation |last1=Evers |first1=S. |first2=L. |last2=Salvador–Carulla |first3=V. |last3=Halsteinli |first4=D. |last4=McDaid |author5=MHEEN Group |title=Implementing mental health economic evaluation evidence: Building a Bridge between theory and practice |journal=Journal of Mental Health |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=223–41 |date=April 2007 |doi=10.1080/09638230701279881 |s2cid=56590693 }}</ref>反过来,经济也会影响到个人,尤其是在全球化的情況下。例如,在[[印度]],来自西方国家公司[[外判|外包]]的情況越来越高,研究显示年轻的专业人员在工作场所和家庭中面临截然不同的社会文化期望,因而有越来越多人有认同混餚的情況。<ref>{{citation |last1=Bhavsar |first1=V. |first2=D. |last2=Bhugra |title=Globalization: Mental health and social economic factors |journal=Global Social Policy |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=378–96 |date=December 2008 |doi=10.1177/1468018108095634 |s2cid=53418285 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00571825/file/PEER_stage2_10.1177%252F1468018108095634.pdf |accessdate=2020-12-17 |||}}</ref>
[[心理健康]]经济学涵盖有相当多的主题,从[[药物经济学]],到[[劳动经济学]],和[[福利经济学]]。心理健康可通过受到影响的个人作为人力资本,与经济直接发生关联。两位经济学家{{link-en|Janet Currie|Janet Currie}} 和马克·斯塔比尔(Mark Stabile)在2009年发表报告《"儿童心理健康与人力资本(Mental Health in Childhood and Human Capital)" 》,他们评估常见的儿童心理健康问题,如何影响到他们的人力资本积累的情況。<ref>Currie, Janet and Mark Stabile. "Mental Health in Childhood and Human Capital". ''The Problems of Disadvantaged Youth: An Economic Perspective'' ed. J. Gruber. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.</ref>外部性包括受影响的个人对周围(例如在工作场所,或在家中)的人力资本影响。<ref name="Evers, S. 2007">{{citation |last1=Evers |first1=S. |first2=L. |last2=Salvador–Carulla |first3=V. |last3=Halsteinli |first4=D. |last4=McDaid |author5=MHEEN Group |title=Implementing mental health economic evaluation evidence: Building a Bridge between theory and practice |journal=Journal of Mental Health |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=223–41 |date=2007-04 |doi=10.1080/09638230701279881 |s2cid=56590693 }}</ref>反过来,经济也会影响到个人,尤其是在全球化的情況下。例如,在[[印度]],来自西方国家公司[[外判|外包]]的情況越来越高,研究显示年轻的专业人员在工作场所和家庭中面临截然不同的社会文化期望,因而有越来越多人有认同混餚的情況。<ref>{{citation |last1=Bhavsar |first1=V. |first2=D. |last2=Bhugra |title=Globalization: Mental health and social economic factors |journal=Global Social Policy |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=378–96 |date=2008-12 |doi=10.1177/1468018108095634 |s2cid=53418285 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00571825/file/PEER_stage2_10.1177%252F1468018108095634.pdf |accessdate=2020-12-17 |||}}</ref>


心理健康经济学給研究人员带来甚多独特的挑战。有认知障碍的人无法传达个人偏好,这些因素代表著在重视个人的心理健康狀況,尤其是把个人作为人力资本时就会碰到困难。此外,在做心理健康经济研究时,会经常使用就业统计数据来评估个人的生产力。但这些统计数据不能把"{{link-en|假性出席|Presenteeism}}"(个人虽然上班工作,但生产力因身体不适或其它因素而不佳)表现出来,不能把无薪而工作的损失給量化,也不能反映出外部因素(例如家中有受心理健康影响的人存在)。同样的,把全球工资或社会价值的差异列入考慮,这些统计数据会受到环境和地理的限制,所得的研究结果不一定能全球通用。<ref name="Evers, S. 2007"/>
心理健康经济学給研究人员带来甚多独特的挑战。有认知障碍的人无法传达个人偏好,这些因素代表著在重视个人的心理健康狀況,尤其是把个人作为人力资本时就会碰到困难。此外,在做心理健康经济研究时,会经常使用就业统计数据来评估个人的生产力。但这些统计数据不能把"{{link-en|假性出席|Presenteeism}}"(个人虽然上班工作,但生产力因身体不适或其它因素而不佳)表现出来,不能把无薪而工作的损失給量化,也不能反映出外部因素(例如家中有受心理健康影响的人存在)。同样的,把全球工资或社会价值的差异列入考慮,这些统计数据会受到环境和地理的限制,所得的研究结果不一定能全球通用。<ref name="Evers, S. 2007"/>
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* Whittington, Ruth (2008). [https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0954549457 ''Introduction to Health Economics: A Beginners Guide''] Preview. {{ISBN|978-0-9545494-5-9}}.
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