恒星光谱:修订间差异

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! 類型
! 類型
! [[有效溫度]]<ref name="calib">{{Cite journal|title=Empirical bolometric corrections for the main-sequence|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981A%26AS...46..193H|last=Habets|first=G. M. H. J.|last2=Heintze|first2=J. R. W.|date=1981-11-01|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series|volume=46|pages=193–237|issn=0365-0138|quote=Luminosities are derived from M<sub>bol</sub> figures, using M<sub>bol</sub>(☉)=4.75.|access-date=2020-10-24|||}}</ref><ref name="weidner">{{Cite journal|title=The masses, and the mass discrepancy of O-type stars|url=http://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201014491|last=Weidner|first=C.|last2=Vink|first2=J. S.|date=2010-12|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201014491|volume=524|pages=A98|arxiv=1010.2204|bibcode=2010A&A...524A..98W|issn=0004-6361}}</ref>
! [[有效溫度]]<ref name="calib">{{Cite journal|title=Empirical bolometric corrections for the main-sequence|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981A%26AS...46..193H|last=Habets|first=G. M. H. J.|last2=Heintze|first2=J. R. W.|date=1981-11-01|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series|volume=46|pages=193–237|issn=0365-0138|quote=Luminosities are derived from M<sub>bol</sub> figures, using M<sub>bol</sub>(☉)=4.75.|access-date=2020-10-24|||}}</ref><ref name="weidner">{{Cite journal|title=The masses, and the mass discrepancy of O-type stars|url=http://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201014491|last=Weidner|first=C.|last2=Vink|first2=J. S.|date=2010-12|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201014491|volume=524|pages=A98|arxiv=1010.2204|bibcode=2010A&A...524A..98W|issn=0004-6361}}</ref>
! abbr="色度" | [[色度 (物理學)|色度]]<br>(對應於織女星)<ref name="Charity">{{cite web|title=What color are the stars?|url=http://www.vendian.org/mncharity/dir3/starcolor/|accessdate=13 May 2006|last=Charity|first=Mitchell|work=Vendian.org|||}}</ref><ref name="ATNFcolor">{{cite web|title=The Colour of Stars|url=http://www.atnf.csiro.au/outreach/education/senior/astrophysics/photometry_colour.html|date=2018-10-17|publisher=Australia Telescope National Facility|access-date=2020-07-09|||}}</ref><ref group=lower-alpha>這是相對的顏色,[[織女星]]通常被認為是藍色星,但被做為"白色"的標準。</ref>
! abbr="色度" | [[色度 (物理學)|色度]]<br>(對應於織女星)<ref name="Charity">{{cite web|title=What color are the stars?|url=http://www.vendian.org/mncharity/dir3/starcolor/|accessdate=2006-05-13|last=Charity|first=Mitchell|work=Vendian.org|||}}</ref><ref name="ATNFcolor">{{cite web|title=The Colour of Stars|url=http://www.atnf.csiro.au/outreach/education/senior/astrophysics/photometry_colour.html|date=2018-10-17|publisher=Australia Telescope National Facility|access-date=2020-07-09|||}}</ref><ref group=lower-alpha>這是相對的顏色,[[織女星]]通常被認為是藍色星,但被做為"白色"的標準。</ref>
! abbr="色度" | 色度<br>({{link-en|D65| Illuminant D65}})<ref name="Charity" /><ref name="möre">{{cite book |title=The Guinness Book of Astronomy: Facts & Feats ||publisher=Guinness |first=Patrick |last=Moore |edition= 4th |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-85112-940-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Colour of Stars|url=http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/photometry_colour.html|accessdate=26 September 2007|date=21 December 2004|publisher=Australia Telescope Outreach and Education|||}}</ref><ref group=lower-alpha>Chromaticity can vary significantly within a class; for example, the [[Sun]] (a G2 star) is white, while a G9 star is yellow.</ref>
! abbr="色度" | 色度<br>({{link-en|D65| Illuminant D65}})<ref name="Charity" /><ref name="möre">{{cite book |title=The Guinness Book of Astronomy: Facts & Feats ||publisher=Guinness |first=Patrick |last=Moore |edition= 4th |date=1992 |isbn=978-0-85112-940-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Colour of Stars|url=http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/photometry_colour.html|accessdate=2007-09-26|date=2004-12-21|publisher=Australia Telescope Outreach and Education|||}}</ref><ref group=lower-alpha>Chromaticity can vary significantly within a class; for example, the [[Sun]] (a G2 star) is white, while a G9 star is yellow.</ref>
! 主序星質量<ref name="calib" /><ref name=bdevol/><br>([[太陽質量]])
! 主序星質量<ref name="calib" /><ref name=bdevol/><br>([[太陽質量]])
! 主序星半徑<ref name="calib" /><ref name="bdevol" /><br>([[太陽半徑]])
! 主序星半徑<ref name="calib" /><ref name="bdevol" /><br>([[太陽半徑]])
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表面重力較高的緻密星出現較大的[[譜線#壓力致寬|壓力致寬]]譜線。因為[[巨星]]的半徑比質量相似的[[矮星]]大得多,因此巨星的表面重力和壓力比矮星低得多。所以,頻譜的差異可以解釋為"光度效應",光度的等級可以純粹通過檢查光譜來分類。
表面重力較高的緻密星出現較大的[[譜線#壓力致寬|壓力致寬]]譜線。因為[[巨星]]的半徑比質量相似的[[矮星]]大得多,因此巨星的表面重力和壓力比矮星低得多。所以,頻譜的差異可以解釋為"光度效應",光度的等級可以純粹通過檢查光譜來分類。


如下表所示,區分了許多不同的''光度分類''<ref name="CDS">{{cite web|title=A note on the spectral atlas and spectral classification|url=https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~pberlind/atlas/htmls/note.html|accessdate=2 January 2015|publisher=[[Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg]]|||}}</ref>:
如下表所示,區分了許多不同的''光度分類''<ref name="CDS">{{cite web|title=A note on the spectral atlas and spectral classification|url=https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~pberlind/atlas/htmls/note.html|accessdate=2015-01-02|publisher=[[Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg]]|||}}</ref>:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|-
|-
| II || [[亮巨星]]
| II || [[亮巨星]]
| [[廁二]](天兔座β)– G0II<ref name="Lyubimkov">{{Cite journal|title=Accurate fundamental parameters for A-, F- and G-type Supergiants in the solar neighbourhood|url=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15979.x|first1=Leonid S.|last2=Lambert|first2=David L.|date=February 2010|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|issue=2|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15979.x|volume=402|pages=1369–1379|arxiv=0911.1335|bibcode=2010MNRAS.402.1369L|last3=Rostopchin|first3=Sergey I.|last4=Rachkovskaya|first4=Tamara M.|last5=Poklad|first5=Dmitry B.|last1=Lyubimkov|access-date=2020-10-24|||}}</ref>
| [[廁二]](天兔座β)– G0II<ref name="Lyubimkov">{{Cite journal|title=Accurate fundamental parameters for A-, F- and G-type Supergiants in the solar neighbourhood|url=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15979.x|first1=Leonid S.|last2=Lambert|first2=David L.|date=2010-02|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|issue=2|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15979.x|volume=402|pages=1369–1379|arxiv=0911.1335|bibcode=2010MNRAS.402.1369L|last3=Rostopchin|first3=Sergey I.|last4=Rachkovskaya|first4=Tamara M.|last5=Poklad|first5=Dmitry B.|last1=Lyubimkov|access-date=2020-10-24|||}}</ref>
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| III || 普通的[[巨星]]
| III || 普通的[[巨星]]
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| sd(''前置字串'')'或'' VI || [[次矮星]]
| sd(''前置字串'')'或'' VI || [[次矮星]]
| [[HD 149382]] – sdB5 '或'' B5VI<ref name="Cenarro">{{Cite journal|title=Medium-resolution Isaac Newton Telescope library of empirical spectra - II. The stellar atmospheric parameters|first1=A. J.|last2=Peletier|first2=R. F.|date=January 2007|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|issue=2|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11196.x|volume=374|pages=664–690|arxiv=astro-ph/0611618|bibcode=2007MNRAS.374..664C|last3=Sanchez-Blazquez|first3=P.|last4=Selam|first4=S. O.|last5=Toloba|first5=E.|last6=Cardiel|first6=N.|last7=Falcon-Barroso|first7=J.|last8=Gorgas|first8=J.|last9=Jimenez-Vicente|first9=J.|first10=A.|last1=Cenarro|last10=Vazdekis}}</ref>''
| [[HD 149382]] – sdB5 '或'' B5VI<ref name="Cenarro">{{Cite journal|title=Medium-resolution Isaac Newton Telescope library of empirical spectra - II. The stellar atmospheric parameters|first1=A. J.|last2=Peletier|first2=R. F.|date=2007-01|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|issue=2|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11196.x|volume=374|pages=664–690|arxiv=astro-ph/0611618|bibcode=2007MNRAS.374..664C|last3=Sanchez-Blazquez|first3=P.|last4=Selam|first4=S. O.|last5=Toloba|first5=E.|last6=Cardiel|first6=N.|last7=Falcon-Barroso|first7=J.|last8=Gorgas|first8=J.|last9=Jimenez-Vicente|first9=J.|first10=A.|last1=Cenarro|last10=Vazdekis}}</ref>''
|-
|-
| D (''前置字串'') ''或'' VII || [[白矮星]] <ref group=lower-alpha>Technically, white dwarfs are no longer “live” stars, but rather the “dead” remains of extinguished stars. Their classification uses a different set of spectral types from element-burning “live” stars.</ref>
| D (''前置字串'') ''或'' VII || [[白矮星]] <ref group=lower-alpha>Technically, white dwarfs are no longer “live” stars, but rather the “dead” remains of extinguished stars. Their classification uses a different set of spectral types from element-burning “live” stars.</ref>
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=== 特殊光譜 ===
=== 特殊光譜 ===
以小寫字母形式表示的其它術語,可以依循光譜的類型來指示特殊光譜的特徵<ref>{{cite web|title=The Spectral Types of Stars|url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-equipment/the-spectral-types-of-stars/?showAll=y|date=1 August 2006|last=MacRobert|first=Alan|work=Sky & Telescope|access-date=2020-07-10|||}}</ref>:
以小寫字母形式表示的其它術語,可以依循光譜的類型來指示特殊光譜的特徵<ref>{{cite web|title=The Spectral Types of Stars|url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-equipment/the-spectral-types-of-stars/?showAll=y|date=2006-08-01|last=MacRobert|first=Alan|work=Sky & Telescope|access-date=2020-07-10|||}}</ref>:


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{| class="wikitable"
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! comp
! comp
| 複合光譜<ref name="Allen">{{cite web|title=The Classification of Stellar Spectra|url=http://www.star.ucl.ac.uk/~pac/spectral_classification.html|accessdate=1 January 2014|last1=Allen|first1=J. S.|work=[[University College London|UCL]] Department of Physics and Astronomy: Astrophysics Group|||}}</ref>
| 複合光譜<ref name="Allen">{{cite web|title=The Classification of Stellar Spectra|url=http://www.star.ucl.ac.uk/~pac/spectral_classification.html|accessdate=2014-01-01|last1=Allen|first1=J. S.|work=[[University College London|UCL]] Department of Physics and Astronomy: Astrophysics Group|||}}</ref>
|-
|-
! e
! e
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在相對的意義上,"早期"表示同一類中阿拉伯數字較小的部分,同時"晚期"表示較大的阿伯數字。
在相對的意義上,"早期"表示同一類中阿拉伯數字較小的部分,同時"晚期"表示較大的阿伯數字。


這個晦澀難懂的術語是20世紀早期恆星演化模型留下來的,該模型認為恆星是通過[[克赫歷程]]由引力收縮驅動,但現在知道這個機制不適用於[[主序星|主序列]]上的恆星。如果這種模型是對的,那麼恆星開始它們的生活時,就會像非常熱的"早期型"恆星一樣,然後逐漸冷卻成為"晚期型"恆星。這種機制提供的[[太陽]]年齡比{{link-en|地質紀錄| geologic record}}觀測到的年齡小很多,而顯在已經發現恆星是由[[核融合]]提供動力<ref>{{cite web|title=late-type star|url=http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/L/latetype.html|accessdate=14 October 2007|last=Darling|first=David|encyclopedia=The Internet Encyclopedia of Science|||}}</ref>。"早期"和"晚期"這兩個術語超越它們所依存的模型,被留存了下來。
這個晦澀難懂的術語是20世紀早期恆星演化模型留下來的,該模型認為恆星是通過[[克赫歷程]]由引力收縮驅動,但現在知道這個機制不適用於[[主序星|主序列]]上的恆星。如果這種模型是對的,那麼恆星開始它們的生活時,就會像非常熱的"早期型"恆星一樣,然後逐漸冷卻成為"晚期型"恆星。這種機制提供的[[太陽]]年齡比{{link-en|地質紀錄| geologic record}}觀測到的年齡小很多,而顯在已經發現恆星是由[[核融合]]提供動力<ref>{{cite web|title=late-type star|url=http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/L/latetype.html|accessdate=2007-10-14|last=Darling|first=David|encyclopedia=The Internet Encyclopedia of Science|||}}</ref>。"早期"和"晚期"這兩個術語超越它們所依存的模型,被留存了下來。


=== O型 ===
=== O型 ===
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K型恆星是表面溫度比太陽略低的恆星。它們在太陽附近主序星所佔的比率是12%</ref group=lower-alpha name="proportions"><ref name="LeDrew2001" />。K型恆星分布的範圍很廣,從[[仙王座RW]]的[[特超巨星]]、[[大角星]]的[[超巨星]]、[[巨星]]和[[橙矮星]](K型主序星)的[[南門二B]]等等。
K型恆星是表面溫度比太陽略低的恆星。它們在太陽附近主序星所佔的比率是12%</ref group=lower-alpha name="proportions"><ref name="LeDrew2001" />。K型恆星分布的範圍很廣,從[[仙王座RW]]的[[特超巨星]]、[[大角星]]的[[超巨星]]、[[巨星]]和[[橙矮星]](K型主序星)的[[南門二B]]等等。


它們有極為微弱的氫線(如果存在),譜線大部分都是中性的金屬線,如[[锰|Mn I]]、[[铁|Fe I]]、[[硅|Si I]]。晚期的K型則以[[一氧化鈦]]等分子帶譜線為主。因此主流的理論(基於低有害輻射和恆星壽命的理論)表示,這一類恆星如果有行星形成,因為[[適居帶]](如果發展的生命與地球相似)的範圍很廣,且與具有廣泛辐射區的恆星相比,其有害輻射發射週期要低得多,很適合生命的發展<ref>{{cite web|title=On a cosmological timescale, The Earth's period of habitability is nearly over &#124; International Space Fellowship|url=http://spacefellowship.com/2009/08/10/on-a-cosmological-timescale-the-earths-period-of-habitability-is-nearly-over/|accessdate=22 May 2012|publisher=Spacefellowship.com|||}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=“Goldilocks” Stars May Be “Just Right” for Finding Habitable Worlds|url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/k-star-advantage|accessdate=2020-10-24|date=2019-02-22|last=Steigerwald|first=Bill|work=NASA|||}}</ref>。
它們有極為微弱的氫線(如果存在),譜線大部分都是中性的金屬線,如[[锰|Mn I]]、[[铁|Fe I]]、[[硅|Si I]]。晚期的K型則以[[一氧化鈦]]等分子帶譜線為主。因此主流的理論(基於低有害輻射和恆星壽命的理論)表示,這一類恆星如果有行星形成,因為[[適居帶]](如果發展的生命與地球相似)的範圍很廣,且與具有廣泛辐射區的恆星相比,其有害輻射發射週期要低得多,很適合生命的發展<ref>{{cite web|title=On a cosmological timescale, The Earth's period of habitability is nearly over &#124; International Space Fellowship|url=http://spacefellowship.com/2009/08/10/on-a-cosmological-timescale-the-earths-period-of-habitability-is-nearly-over/|accessdate=2012-05-22|publisher=Spacefellowship.com|||}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=“Goldilocks” Stars May Be “Just Right” for Finding Habitable Worlds|url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/k-star-advantage|accessdate=2020-10-24|date=2019-02-22|last=Steigerwald|first=Bill|work=NASA|||}}</ref>。


'''光譜標準:'''<ref name="Garrison" />
'''光譜標準:'''<ref name="Garrison" />
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=== 熱藍發射星 ===
=== 熱藍發射星 ===
[[File:Galactic refurbishment.jpg|缩略图|[[UGC 5797]]是一個發射線星系,在那裏形成了大質量且明亮的藍色恆星<ref>{{cite web|title=Galactic refurbishment|url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1517a/|accessdate=29 April 2015|publisher=ESA/Hubble|||}}</ref>。]]
[[File:Galactic refurbishment.jpg|缩略图|[[UGC 5797]]是一個發射線星系,在那裏形成了大質量且明亮的藍色恆星<ref>{{cite web|title=Galactic refurbishment|url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1517a/|accessdate=2015-04-29|publisher=ESA/Hubble|||}}</ref>。]]


一些非常熱和藍的恆星光譜顯示碳或氮的發射譜線,有時也有氧的發射線。
一些非常熱和藍的恆星光譜顯示碳或氮的發射譜線,有時也有氧的發射線。
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[[File:WISE 1828+2650 Brown dwarf.jpg|缩略图|藝術家印象下的Y型矮星。]]
[[File:WISE 1828+2650 Brown dwarf.jpg|缩略图|藝術家印象下的Y型矮星。]]


光譜為Y型的棕矮星比T型的溫度更低,並且與它們有著完全不同品質的光譜。截至2013年8月,共有17顆屬於Y型的天體<ref>{{Cite journal|title=DISCOVERY OF THE Y1 DWARF WISE J064723.23–623235.5|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/776/2/128|last=Kirkpatrick|first=J. Davy|last2=Cushing|first2=Michael C.|date=2013-10-07|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|issue=2|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/776/2/128|volume=776|pages=128|arxiv=1308.5372|bibcode=2013ApJ...776..128K|issn=0004-637X|last3=Gelino|first3=Christopher R.|last4=Beichman|first4=Charles A.|last5=Tinney|first5=C. G.|last6=Faherty|first6=Jacqueline K.|last7=Schneider|first7=Adam|last8=Mace|first8=Gregory N.|access-date=2020-10-24|||}}</ref>。雖然這一型的矮星已經建立模組 <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The possiblity of detection of ultracool dwarfs with the UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey|url=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10795.x|last=Deacon|first=N. R.|last2=Hambly|first2=N. C.|date=2006-10-01|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|issue=4|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10795.x|volume=371|pages=1722–1730|language=en|arxiv=astro-ph/0607305|issn=0035-8711|access-date=2020-10-24|||}}</ref>,並且[[廣域紅外線巡天探測衛星]](WISE)也在40光年的距離內檢測到<ref name="nasa1010" /><!-- removed_ref site159 by WaitSpring-bot (template) --><ref name="cool-y-dwarf">{{Cite journal|title=NASA Satellite Finds Coldest, Darkest Stars Yet|url=https://www.wired.com/2011/08/y-dwarf-stars/|last=Venton|first=Danielle|date=23 August 2011|journal=Wired|via=www.wired.com|access-date=2020-07-13|||}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NASA - NASA'S Wise Mission Discovers Coolest Class of Stars|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/WISE/news/wise20110823.html|work=www.nasa.gov|access-date=2020-07-13|||}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The minimum Jeans mass, brown dwarf companion IMF, and predictions for detection of Y-type dwarfs|url=http://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361:200810038|first1=B.|last2=Song|first2=I.|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|issue=3|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200810038|year=2009|volume=493|pages=1149–1154|arxiv=0811.0429|bibcode=2009A&A...493.1149Z|last1=Zuckerman}}</ref>。儘管還沒有明確定義的光譜序列,也還沒有原型,卻已經建議將幾顆棕矮星標示為Y0、Y1和Y2等類型<ref name="ydwarfsurvey">{{Cite journal|title=Distances, luminosities, and temperatures of the coldest known substellar objects|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24009359|last=Dupuy|first=Trent J.|last2=Kraus|first2=Adam L.|date=2013-09-27|journal=Science (New York, N.Y.)|issue=6153|doi=10.1126/science.1241917|volume=341|pages=1492–1495|arxiv=1309.1422|bibcode=2013Sci...341.1492D|issn=1095-9203|pmid=24009359|access-date=2020-10-24|||}}</ref>。
光譜為Y型的棕矮星比T型的溫度更低,並且與它們有著完全不同品質的光譜。截至2013年8月,共有17顆屬於Y型的天體<ref>{{Cite journal|title=DISCOVERY OF THE Y1 DWARF WISE J064723.23–623235.5|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/776/2/128|last=Kirkpatrick|first=J. Davy|last2=Cushing|first2=Michael C.|date=2013-10-07|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|issue=2|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/776/2/128|volume=776|pages=128|arxiv=1308.5372|bibcode=2013ApJ...776..128K|issn=0004-637X|last3=Gelino|first3=Christopher R.|last4=Beichman|first4=Charles A.|last5=Tinney|first5=C. G.|last6=Faherty|first6=Jacqueline K.|last7=Schneider|first7=Adam|last8=Mace|first8=Gregory N.|access-date=2020-10-24|||}}</ref>。雖然這一型的矮星已經建立模組 <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The possiblity of detection of ultracool dwarfs with the UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey|url=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10795.x|last=Deacon|first=N. R.|last2=Hambly|first2=N. C.|date=2006-10-01|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|issue=4|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10795.x|volume=371|pages=1722–1730|language=en|arxiv=astro-ph/0607305|issn=0035-8711|access-date=2020-10-24|||}}</ref>,並且[[廣域紅外線巡天探測衛星]](WISE)也在40光年的距離內檢測到<ref name="nasa1010" /><!-- removed_ref site159 by WaitSpring-bot (template) --><ref name="cool-y-dwarf">{{Cite journal|title=NASA Satellite Finds Coldest, Darkest Stars Yet|url=https://www.wired.com/2011/08/y-dwarf-stars/|last=Venton|first=Danielle|date=2011-08-23|journal=Wired|via=www.wired.com|access-date=2020-07-13|||}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NASA - NASA'S Wise Mission Discovers Coolest Class of Stars|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/WISE/news/wise20110823.html|work=www.nasa.gov|access-date=2020-07-13|||}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The minimum Jeans mass, brown dwarf companion IMF, and predictions for detection of Y-type dwarfs|url=http://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361:200810038|first1=B.|last2=Song|first2=I.|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|issue=3|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200810038|year=2009|volume=493|pages=1149–1154|arxiv=0811.0429|bibcode=2009A&A...493.1149Z|last1=Zuckerman}}</ref>。儘管還沒有明確定義的光譜序列,也還沒有原型,卻已經建議將幾顆棕矮星標示為Y0、Y1和Y2等類型<ref name="ydwarfsurvey">{{Cite journal|title=Distances, luminosities, and temperatures of the coldest known substellar objects|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24009359|last=Dupuy|first=Trent J.|last2=Kraus|first2=Adam L.|date=2013-09-27|journal=Science (New York, N.Y.)|issue=6153|doi=10.1126/science.1241917|volume=341|pages=1492–1495|arxiv=1309.1422|bibcode=2013Sci...341.1492D|issn=1095-9203|pmid=24009359|access-date=2020-10-24|||}}</ref>。


這些潛在Y型天體的光譜在1.55[[微米]]左右顯示吸收<ref name="four600k">{{Cite journal|title=THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FOUR ∼600 K T DWARFS|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/695/2/1517|last=Leggett|first=S. K.|last2=Cushing|first2=Michael C.|date=2009-04-20|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|issue=2|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/695/2/1517|volume=695|pages=1517–1526|arxiv=0901.4093|bibcode=2009ApJ...695.1517L|issn=0004-637X|last3=Saumon|first3=D.|last4=Marley|first4=M. S.|last5=Roellig|first5=T. L.|last6=Warren|first6=S. J.|last7=Burningham|first7=Ben|last8=Jones|first8=H. R. A.|last9=Kirkpatrick|first9=J. D.|access-date=2020-10-24|||}}</ref>。Delorme等人認為,此一特徵是由於[[氨]]的吸收,應該做為T-Y轉換的指標性特徵<ref name=four600k /><ref name="tytrans">{{Cite journal|title=CFBDS J005910.90-011401.3: reaching the T-Y brown dwarf transition?|url=http://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20079317|last=Delorme|first=P.|last2=Delfosse|first2=X.|date=2008-05|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|issue=3|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20079317|volume=482|pages=961–971|arxiv=0802.4387|bibcode=2008A&A...482..961D|issn=0004-6361|last3=Albert|first3=L.|last4=Artigau|first4=E.|last5=Forveille|first5=T.|last6=Reylé|first6=C.|last7=Allard|first7=F.|last8=Homeier|first8=D.|last9=Robin|first9=A. C.}}</ref>。事實上,這種氨吸收的特徵是定義此型的主要標準<ref name="ydwarfsurvey" />。然而,此一特徵很難與[[水]]和[[甲烷]]的吸收區分<ref name="four600k" />;同時,其它的作者也指出,分配Y0型還為時尚早<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Exploring the substellar temperature regime down to ∼550 K|url=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13885.x|last=Burningham|first=Ben|last2=Pinfield|first2=D. J.|date=2008-11-21|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|issue=1|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13885.x|volume=391|pages=320–333|language=en|arxiv=0806.0067|bibcode=2008MNRAS.391..320B|last3=Leggett|first3=S. K.|last4=Tamura|first4=M.|last5=Lucas|first5=P. W.|last6=Homeier|first6=D.|last7=Day-Jones|first7=A.|last8=Jones|first8=H. R. A.|last9=Clarke|first9=J. R. A.|access-date=2020-10-24|||}}</ref>。
這些潛在Y型天體的光譜在1.55[[微米]]左右顯示吸收<ref name="four600k">{{Cite journal|title=THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FOUR ∼600 K T DWARFS|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/695/2/1517|last=Leggett|first=S. K.|last2=Cushing|first2=Michael C.|date=2009-04-20|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|issue=2|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/695/2/1517|volume=695|pages=1517–1526|arxiv=0901.4093|bibcode=2009ApJ...695.1517L|issn=0004-637X|last3=Saumon|first3=D.|last4=Marley|first4=M. S.|last5=Roellig|first5=T. L.|last6=Warren|first6=S. J.|last7=Burningham|first7=Ben|last8=Jones|first8=H. R. A.|last9=Kirkpatrick|first9=J. D.|access-date=2020-10-24|||}}</ref>。Delorme等人認為,此一特徵是由於[[氨]]的吸收,應該做為T-Y轉換的指標性特徵<ref name=four600k /><ref name="tytrans">{{Cite journal|title=CFBDS J005910.90-011401.3: reaching the T-Y brown dwarf transition?|url=http://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20079317|last=Delorme|first=P.|last2=Delfosse|first2=X.|date=2008-05|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|issue=3|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20079317|volume=482|pages=961–971|arxiv=0802.4387|bibcode=2008A&A...482..961D|issn=0004-6361|last3=Albert|first3=L.|last4=Artigau|first4=E.|last5=Forveille|first5=T.|last6=Reylé|first6=C.|last7=Allard|first7=F.|last8=Homeier|first8=D.|last9=Robin|first9=A. C.}}</ref>。事實上,這種氨吸收的特徵是定義此型的主要標準<ref name="ydwarfsurvey" />。然而,此一特徵很難與[[水]]和[[甲烷]]的吸收區分<ref name="four600k" />;同時,其它的作者也指出,分配Y0型還為時尚早<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Exploring the substellar temperature regime down to ∼550 K|url=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13885.x|last=Burningham|first=Ben|last2=Pinfield|first2=D. J.|date=2008-11-21|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|issue=1|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13885.x|volume=391|pages=320–333|language=en|arxiv=0806.0067|bibcode=2008MNRAS.391..320B|last3=Leggett|first3=S. K.|last4=Tamura|first4=M.|last5=Lucas|first5=P. W.|last6=Homeier|first6=D.|last7=Day-Jones|first7=A.|last8=Jones|first8=H. R. A.|last9=Clarke|first9=J. R. A.|access-date=2020-10-24|||}}</ref>。
第625行: 第625行:
|-
|-
|blue
|blue
|以blue後綴(例如L3blue)表示近紅外的L矮星沒有明顯的低金屬量而異常的藍<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|title=Discoveries from a Near-infrared Proper Motion Survey Using Multi-epoch Two Micron All-Sky Survey Data|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0067-0049/190/1/100|last=Kirkpatrick|first=J. Davy|last2=Looper|first2=Dagny L.|date=September 2010|journal=Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series|issue=1|doi=10.1088/0067-0049/190/1/100|volume=190|pages=100–146|language=en|arxiv=1008.3591|bibcode=2010ApJS..190..100K|issn=0067-0049|last3=Burgasser|first3=Adam J.|last4=Schurr|first4=Steven D.|last5=Cutri|first5=Roc M.|last6=Cushing|first6=Michael C.|last7=Cruz|first7=Kelle L.|last8=Sweet|first8=Anne C.|last9=Knapp|first9=Gillian R.|first11=John J.|last11=Bochanski|last10=Barman|first10=Travis S.|access-date=2020-10-24|||}}</ref>。
|以blue後綴(例如L3blue)表示近紅外的L矮星沒有明顯的低金屬量而異常的藍<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|title=Discoveries from a Near-infrared Proper Motion Survey Using Multi-epoch Two Micron All-Sky Survey Data|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0067-0049/190/1/100|last=Kirkpatrick|first=J. Davy|last2=Looper|first2=Dagny L.|date=2010-09|journal=Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series|issue=1|doi=10.1088/0067-0049/190/1/100|volume=190|pages=100–146|language=en|arxiv=1008.3591|bibcode=2010ApJS..190..100K|issn=0067-0049|last3=Burgasser|first3=Adam J.|last4=Schurr|first4=Steven D.|last5=Cutri|first5=Roc M.|last6=Cushing|first6=Michael C.|last7=Cruz|first7=Kelle L.|last8=Sweet|first8=Anne C.|last9=Knapp|first9=Gillian R.|first11=John J.|last11=Bochanski|last10=Barman|first10=Travis S.|access-date=2020-10-24|||}}</ref>。
|}
|}


年輕的棕矮星因為有較大的半徑和較低的質量,因此與星場中類似光譜型的恆星比較之下,具有低[[表面重力]]。這些來源標有用於表示中間表面重力的β和低表面重力的γ。低表面重力指的是弱的CaH、K I和Na I線,以及強的VO線<ref name=":6" />;代表正常表面重力的α通常會被省略。有時,特別低的表面重力會以δ來標記<ref name=":8" />。後綴的"pec"代表奇特(peculiar)。奇特的標示仍然用於其它不同尋常的特徵,並總結了不同的屬性、低表面重力、次矮星和未能解析的聯星<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Population Properties of Brown Dwarf Analogs to Exoplanets|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/0067-0049/225/1/10|last=Faherty|first=Jacqueline K.|last2=Riedel|first2=Adric R.|date=July 2016|journal=Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series|issue=1|doi=10.3847/0067-0049/225/1/10|volume=225|pages=10|language=en|arxiv=1605.07927|bibcode=2016ApJS..225...10F|issn=0067-0049|last3=Cruz|first3=Kelle L.|last4=Gagne|first4=Jonathan|last5=Filippazzo|first5=Joseph C.|last6=Lambrides|first6=Erini|last7=Fica|first7=Haley|last8=Weinberger|first8=Alycia|last9=Thorstensen|first9=John R.|first11=Vivienne|last11=Baldassare|last10=Tinney|first10=C. G.}}</ref>。首碼sd代表[[次矮星]],並且只包括冷的次矮星。這些首碼顯示低[[金屬量]]和運動性質,更類似於[[銀暈|暈]]星而不是[[薄盤|盤]]星<ref name=":5" />;次矮星看起來比盤星更藍<ref>{{Cite web|title=Colour-magnitude data|url=http://www.stsci.edu/~inr/cmd.html|work=www.stsci.edu|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>。後綴的red描述顏色紅色且老的天體,這不是解釋為低表面重力,而是高粉塵含量<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" />。後綴的blue描述傾向藍色的[[紅外線|近紅外]]天體的顏色,這些不能用低金屬量來解釋。有些被解釋為L和T型的聯星,但其它的未必是聯星,例如{{link-en|2MASS J11263991−5003550|2MASS J11263991−5003550}},而是用薄雲/大顆粒雲來解釋<ref name=":8" />。
年輕的棕矮星因為有較大的半徑和較低的質量,因此與星場中類似光譜型的恆星比較之下,具有低[[表面重力]]。這些來源標有用於表示中間表面重力的β和低表面重力的γ。低表面重力指的是弱的CaH、K I和Na I線,以及強的VO線<ref name=":6" />;代表正常表面重力的α通常會被省略。有時,特別低的表面重力會以δ來標記<ref name=":8" />。後綴的"pec"代表奇特(peculiar)。奇特的標示仍然用於其它不同尋常的特徵,並總結了不同的屬性、低表面重力、次矮星和未能解析的聯星<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Population Properties of Brown Dwarf Analogs to Exoplanets|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/0067-0049/225/1/10|last=Faherty|first=Jacqueline K.|last2=Riedel|first2=Adric R.|date=2016-07|journal=Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series|issue=1|doi=10.3847/0067-0049/225/1/10|volume=225|pages=10|language=en|arxiv=1605.07927|bibcode=2016ApJS..225...10F|issn=0067-0049|last3=Cruz|first3=Kelle L.|last4=Gagne|first4=Jonathan|last5=Filippazzo|first5=Joseph C.|last6=Lambrides|first6=Erini|last7=Fica|first7=Haley|last8=Weinberger|first8=Alycia|last9=Thorstensen|first9=John R.|first11=Vivienne|last11=Baldassare|last10=Tinney|first10=C. G.}}</ref>。首碼sd代表[[次矮星]],並且只包括冷的次矮星。這些首碼顯示低[[金屬量]]和運動性質,更類似於[[銀暈|暈]]星而不是[[薄盤|盤]]星<ref name=":5" />;次矮星看起來比盤星更藍<ref>{{Cite web|title=Colour-magnitude data|url=http://www.stsci.edu/~inr/cmd.html|work=www.stsci.edu|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>。後綴的red描述顏色紅色且老的天體,這不是解釋為低表面重力,而是高粉塵含量<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" />。後綴的blue描述傾向藍色的[[紅外線|近紅外]]天體的顏色,這些不能用低金屬量來解釋。有些被解釋為L和T型的聯星,但其它的未必是聯星,例如{{link-en|2MASS J11263991−5003550|2MASS J11263991−5003550}},而是用薄雲/大顆粒雲來解釋<ref name=":8" />。


=== 後期巨型碳星 ===
=== 後期巨型碳星 ===
第711行: 第711行:


=== 非恆星的光譜:P型和Q型 ===
=== 非恆星的光譜:P型和Q型 ===
最後,從坎農的德雷珀系統留下的"P"和"Q"偶爾用於某些非星天體。P型用於位於[[行星狀星雲]]中心的恆星,Q型用於[[新星]]{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}。
最後,從坎農的德雷珀系統留下的"P"和"Q"偶爾用於某些非星天體。P型用於位於[[行星狀星雲]]中心的恆星,Q型用於[[新星]]{{citation needed|date=2019-04}}。


== 恆星殘骸 ==
== 恆星殘骸 ==
第717行: 第717行:
恆星殘骸是與恆星死亡有關的天體。該類型包括白矮星,從D型與其它型完全不同的分類中可以看出,非恆星天體很難納入MK系統。
恆星殘骸是與恆星死亡有關的天體。該類型包括白矮星,從D型與其它型完全不同的分類中可以看出,非恆星天體很難納入MK系統。


MK系統是依據[[赫羅圖]]建立的,而赫羅圖本質上是觀測的結果,因此這些殘骸不能繪製在圖上,或者說圖上根本沒有它們的位置。老的[[中子星]]是相對較小和較冷的,將落在圖的最右邊。[[行星狀星雲]]是動態的,隨著祖恆星過渡至白矮星分支,亮度往往會迅速下降。如果可以顯示,行星狀星雲將被繪製在圖的右上象限的右側。[[黑洞]]自己的光不會發射出來,因此不會出現在圖上<ref name="chan-var-hr">{{cite web|title=Pulsating Variable Stars and the Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) Diagram|url=http://chandra.harvard.edu/edu/formal/variable_stars/bg_info.html|accessdate=23 July 2016|date=9 March 2015|publisher=Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics|||}}</ref>。
MK系統是依據[[赫羅圖]]建立的,而赫羅圖本質上是觀測的結果,因此這些殘骸不能繪製在圖上,或者說圖上根本沒有它們的位置。老的[[中子星]]是相對較小和較冷的,將落在圖的最右邊。[[行星狀星雲]]是動態的,隨著祖恆星過渡至白矮星分支,亮度往往會迅速下降。如果可以顯示,行星狀星雲將被繪製在圖的右上象限的右側。[[黑洞]]自己的光不會發射出來,因此不會出現在圖上<ref name="chan-var-hr">{{cite web|title=Pulsating Variable Stars and the Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) Diagram|url=http://chandra.harvard.edu/edu/formal/variable_stars/bg_info.html|accessdate=23 2016-07|date=2015-03-09|publisher=Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics|||}}</ref>。


提出一個使用羅馬數字的中子星分類系統:
提出一個使用羅馬數字的中子星分類系統: