1859年太陽風暴:修订间差异

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[[File:Carrington Richard sunspots 1859.jpg|缩略图|[[理查·卡灵顿]]描绘的1859年9月1日的太阳黑子。A和B标志著一个强烈的明亮事件的初始位置,大约在5分钟后移动到C和D,然后消失。]]
[[File:Carrington Richard sunspots 1859.jpg|thumb|[[理查·卡灵顿]]描绘的1859年9月1日的太阳黑子。A和B标志著一个强烈的明亮事件的初始位置,大约在5分钟后移动到C和D,然后消失。]]


'''卡灵顿事件'''<ref name="severespaceweather">{{cite news|url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2009/21jan_severespaceweather.htm?list5029|title=Severe Space Weather—Social and Economic Impacts|publisher=science.nasa.gov|date=2009-01-21|accessdate=2011-02-16|work=NASA Science: Science News|last=Philips|first=Tony|||}}</ref>是在1859年9月1-2日,[[第10太阳週期]](1855-1867年)期间,的一场强大地磁风暴。太阳的[[日冕物质拋射]]撞击[[磁层#地球磁层|地球磁场]],并誘发[[磁暴#历史事件|有纪录以来最大的地磁风暴]]。英国天文学家[[理查·卡灵顿]]和{{link-en|理查·霍奇森| Richard Hodgson (publisher)}}观测与纪录了太阳[[光球]]中相关的"白光[[閃焰]]"。这场风暴造成强烈的极光,并对电报系统造成严重破坏。现在,这个閃焰在[[国际天文学联合会]]的标準识别字是SOL1859-09-01。
'''卡灵顿事件'''<ref name="severespaceweather">{{cite news|url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2009/21jan_severespaceweather.htm?list5029|title=Severe Space Weather—Social and Economic Impacts|publisher=science.nasa.gov|date=2009-01-21|accessdate=2011-02-16|work=NASA Science: Science News|last=Philips|first=Tony|||}}</ref>是在1859年9月1-2日,[[第10太阳週期]](1855-1867年)期间,的一场强大地磁风暴。太阳的[[日冕物质拋射]]撞击[[磁层#地球磁层|地球磁场]],并誘发[[磁暴#历史事件|有纪录以来最大的地磁风暴]]。英国天文学家[[理查·卡灵顿]]和{{link-en|理查·霍奇森| Richard Hodgson (publisher)}}观测与纪录了太阳[[光球]]中相关的"白光[[耀斑|閃焰]]"。这场风暴造成强烈的极光,并对电报系统造成严重破坏。现在,这个閃焰在[[国际天文学联合会]]的标準识别字是SOL1859-09-01。


这种规模的太阳风暴如果发生在现代,将造成大范围的电力中断:[[停电]],以及[[电网]]长期停电造成的破坏<ref name="lloyds2013">{{cite book|author=Lloyd's and Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc.|url=http://www.lloyds.com/~/media/lloyds/reports/emerging%20risk%20reports/solar%20storm%20risk%20to%20the%20north%20american%20electric%20grid.pdf|title=Solar storm risk to the north American electric grid|publisher=Lloyd's|others=With input from Homeier, Nicole; Horne, Richard; Maran, Michael; Wade, David|year=2013|accessdate=2019-07-31|||}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Baker |first=D. N. |title=Severe Space Weather Events—Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts |publisher=The National Academy Press, Washington, DC |year=2008 |display-authors=etal|doi=10.17226/12507 |isbn=978-0-309-12769-1 }}</ref>。2012年发生的一场[[2012年太阳风暴|太阳风暴]]强度与1859年的相似,它虽然也经过地球的轨道,但与地球通过该处相隔了9天,所以沒有对地球造成损害<ref name="NASA-20140723a">{{cite news |last=Phillips |first=Dr. Tony |title=Near Miss: The Solar Superstorm of July 2012 |url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2014/23jul_superstorm/ |date=2014-07-23 |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=2014-07-26 |||}}</ref>。
这种规模的太阳风暴如果发生在现代,将造成大范围的电力中断:[[停电]],以及[[电网]]长期停电造成的破坏<ref name="lloyds2013">{{cite book|author=Lloyd's and Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc.|url=http://www.lloyds.com/~/media/lloyds/reports/emerging%20risk%20reports/solar%20storm%20risk%20to%20the%20north%20american%20electric%20grid.pdf|title=Solar storm risk to the north American electric grid|publisher=Lloyd's|others=With input from Homeier, Nicole; Horne, Richard; Maran, Michael; Wade, David|year=2013|accessdate=2019-07-31|||}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Baker |first=D. N. |title=Severe Space Weather Events—Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts |publisher=The National Academy Press, Washington, DC |year=2008 |display-authors=etal|doi=10.17226/12507 |isbn=978-0-309-12769-1 }}</ref>。2012年发生的一场[[2012年太阳风暴|太阳风暴]]强度与1859年的相似,它虽然也经过地球的轨道,但与地球通过该处相隔了9天,所以沒有对地球造成损害<ref name="NASA-20140723a">{{cite news |last=Phillips |first=Dr. Tony |title=Near Miss: The Solar Superstorm of July 2012 |url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2014/23jul_superstorm/ |date=2014-07-23 |publisher=[[美国国家航空航天局|NASA]] |accessdate=2014-07-26 |||}}</ref>。


== 卡灵顿閃焰 ==
== 卡灵顿閃焰 ==
[[File:Coronal Cloud 1.jpg||缩略图|在1999年,接近[[太阳极大期]]时发生的一个閃焰。]]
[[File:Coronal Cloud 1.jpg|right|thumb|在1999年,接近[[太阳极大期]]时发生的一个閃焰。]]


就在[[第10太阳週期]]的[[太阳极大期|极大期]],1860.1之前的几个月<ref name=Mursula1998>{{cite journal |title=A new method to determine the solar cycle length |last1=Mursula |first1=K. |last2=Ulich |first2=Th. |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=25 |issue=11 |pages=1837–1840 |year=1998 |doi=10.1029/98GL51317 |bibcode=1998GeoRL..25.1837M }}</ref>,从1859年8月28日至9月2日,[[太阳]]上出现了许多[[太阳黑子]]。在8月28日就观测到夜晚的天空明亮且顏色多变,[[新英格兰]]地区的各种报紙在这之后都有相关的报导<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Green |first1=James L. |last2=Boardsen |first2=Scott |last3=Odenwald |first3=Sten |last4=Humble |first4=John |last5=Pazamickas |first5=Katherine A. |title=Eyewitness reports of the great auroral storm of 1859 |journal=Advances in Space Research |date=January 2006 |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=145–154 |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.12.021 |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20050210157 |accessdate=2020-08-28 |||}}</ref>。在8月29日,在南半球的澳洲最北方的昆士兰州都能看到[[极光|南极光]] <ref name="australianaurora">{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3722206 |title=SOUTHERN AURORA. |newspaper=[[The Moreton Bay Courier]] |location=Brisbane |date=1859-09-07 |accessdate=2013-05-17 |page=2 |publisher=National Library of Australia |||}}</ref>。就在9月1日中午之前,英国业餘天文学家[[理查·卡灵顿]]和{{link-en|理查·霍奇森| Richard Hodgson (publisher)}}分别记录了对[[太阳閃焰]]最早的观测<ref name="Odenwald">{{cite journal |last1=Odenwald |first1=Sten F. ||last2=Green |first2=James L. |author2-link=James L. Green |title=Bracing the Satellite Infrastructure for a Solar Superstorm |journal=[[Scientific American]] |date=2008-07-28 |volume=299 |issue=2 |pages=80–7 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0808-80 |pmid=18666683 |url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=bracing-for-a-solar-superstorm |accessdate=2011-02-16 |||}}</ref>。卡灵顿和霍奇森都各自提出了报告,于1859年11月的[[英国皇家天文学会]]的会议上展示它们对此一事件的描述,并同时发表在 [[皇家天文学会月报]]上<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1093/mnras/20.1.13|bibcode=1859MNRAS..20...13C|title=Description of a Singular Appearance seen in the Sun on September 1, 1859|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=20|pages=13–15|year=1859|last1=Carrington|first1=R. C.|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101081655332&view=1up&seq=351|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-05-13|||}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1093/mnras/20.1.15|bibcode=1859MNRAS..20...15H|title=On a curious Appearance seen in the Sun|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=20|pages=15–16|year=1859|last1=Hodgson|first1=R.|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101081655332&view=1up&seq=353|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-05-13|||}}</ref>。
就在[[第10太阳週期]]的[[太阳极大期|极大期]],1860.1之前的几个月<ref name=Mursula1998>{{cite journal |title=A new method to determine the solar cycle length |last1=Mursula |first1=K. |last2=Ulich |first2=Th. |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=25 |issue=11 |pages=1837–1840 |year=1998 |doi=10.1029/98GL51317 |bibcode=1998GeoRL..25.1837M }}</ref>,从1859年8月28日至9月2日,[[太阳]]上出现了许多[[太阳黑子]]。在8月28日就观测到夜晚的天空明亮且顏色多变,[[新英格兰]]地区的各种报紙在这之后都有相关的报导<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Green |first1=James L. |last2=Boardsen |first2=Scott |last3=Odenwald |first3=Sten |last4=Humble |first4=John |last5=Pazamickas |first5=Katherine A. |title=Eyewitness reports of the great auroral storm of 1859 |journal=Advances in Space Research |date=January 2006 |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=145–154 |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.12.021 |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20050210157 |accessdate=2020-08-28 |||}}</ref>。在8月29日,在南半球的澳洲最北方的昆士兰州都能看到[[极光|南极光]] <ref name="australianaurora">{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3722206 |title=SOUTHERN AURORA. |newspaper=[[The Moreton Bay Courier]] |location=Brisbane |date=1859-09-07 |accessdate=2013-05-17 |page=2 |publisher=National Library of Australia |||}}</ref>。就在9月1日中午之前,英国业餘天文学家[[理查·卡灵顿]]和{{link-en|理查·霍奇森| Richard Hodgson (publisher)}}分别记录了对[[太阳閃焰]]最早的观测<ref name="Odenwald">{{cite journal |last1=Odenwald |first1=Sten F. ||last2=Green |first2=James L. |author2-link=James L. Green |title=Bracing the Satellite Infrastructure for a Solar Superstorm |journal=[[Scientific American]] |date=2008-07-28 |volume=299 |issue=2 |pages=80–7 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0808-80 |pmid=18666683 |url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=bracing-for-a-solar-superstorm |accessdate=2011-02-16 |||}}</ref>。卡灵顿和霍奇森都各自提出了报告,于1859年11月的[[英国皇家天文学会]]的会议上展示它们对此一事件的描述,并同时发表在 [[皇家天文学会月报]]上<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1093/mnras/20.1.13|bibcode=1859MNRAS..20...13C|title=Description of a Singular Appearance seen in the Sun on September 1, 1859|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=20|pages=13–15|year=1859|last1=Carrington|first1=R. C.|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101081655332&view=1up&seq=351|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-05-13|||}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1093/mnras/20.1.15|bibcode=1859MNRAS..20...15H|title=On a curious Appearance seen in the Sun|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=20|pages=15–16|year=1859|last1=Hodgson|first1=R.|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101081655332&view=1up&seq=353|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-05-13|||}}</ref>。
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* {{cite journal |last1=Loomis |first1=Elias |title=On electrical currents circulating near the earth's surface and their connection with the phenomena of the aurora polaris—9th article |journal=The American Journal of Science |date=July 1862 |volume=34 |pages=34–45 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001679515&view=1up&seq=62 |series=2nd series |access-date=2021-05-13 |||}}</ref>。
* {{cite journal |last1=Loomis |first1=Elias |title=On electrical currents circulating near the earth's surface and their connection with the phenomena of the aurora polaris—9th article |journal=The American Journal of Science |date=July 1862 |volume=34 |pages=34–45 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x001679515&view=1up&seq=62 |series=2nd series |access-date=2021-05-13 |||}}</ref>。


[[File:Aurora Australis From ISS.JPG||缩略图|2010年5月24日,从国际太空站(ISS)拍摄到的极光,极有可能是由日冕物质拋射引起的磁暴产生。]]
[[File:Aurora Australis From ISS.JPG|right|thumb|2010年5月24日,从国际太空站(ISS)拍摄到的极光,极有可能是由日冕物质拋射引起的磁暴产生。]]


1859年9月1日至2日,发生了一次最强的磁暴(由地面磁强计记录)。极光出现在世界各地,北半球的极光在加勒比海地区都可以看见;在美国,洛矶山脉上空非常明亮,光芒将当地金矿的工人惊醒,使他们误以为天亮了,而开始準备早餐<ref name="Odenwald" />。[[美国东北部]]的人们可以在极光下閱读报紙<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/03/110302-solar-flares-sun-storms-earth-danger-carrington-event-science/ |work=[[National Geographic News]] |title=What If the Biggest Solar Storm on Record Happened Today? |author=Richard A. Lovett ||date=2011-03-02 |accessdate=2011-09-05 |||}}</ref>。从两极到在墨西哥中部的低緯度地区都能看见极光<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hayakawa |first=H. |title=Low-latitude Aurorae during the Extreme Space Weather Events in 1859 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=869|issue=1|pages=57|date=2018 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aae47c |arxiv=1811.02786 |bibcode=2018ApJ...869...57H |s2cid=119386459 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=González‐Esparza |first=J. A. |author2=M. C. Cuevas‐Cardona |title=Observations of Low Latitude Red Aurora in Mexico During the 1859 Carrington Geomagnetic Storm |journal=Space Weather |volume=16|issue=6|pages=593|date=2018 |doi=10.1029/2017SW001789 |bibcode=2018SpWea..16..593G |doi-access=free }}</ref>。[[昆士兰]]、古巴、夏威夷<ref>{{cite journal |first=J. |last=Green |title=Duration and extent of the great auroral storm of 1859 |journal=Advances in Space Research|volume=38 |number=2 |pages=130–135|year=2006|bibcode=2006AdSpR..38..130G |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.08.054 |pmid=28066122 |pmc=5215858 }}</ref>、日本和中国的南部<ref>{{Cite web|title=国家空间科学数据中心(National Space Science Data Center)|url=https://vsso.nssdc.ac.cn/mhsy/html/videodec.html?2e64c926-b27c-4fb4-a759-8d8025e834c4|access-date=2021-10-28|work=vsso.nssdc.ac.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=H. |last=Hayakawa |title=East Asian observations of low-latitude aurora during the Carrington magnetic storm |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan|volume=68 |number=6 |pages=99|year=2016|bibcode= 2016PASJ...68...99H |doi=10.1093/pasj/psw097 |arxiv=1608.07702| s2cid=119268875 }}</ref>,甚至在靠近赤道的低緯度地区 ,例如哥伦比亚,都能看见极光<ref>{{cite journal |title=The grand aurorae borealis seen in Colombia in 1859|journal=Advances in Space Research|volume=57 |number=1 |pages=257–267|year=2016|arxiv=1508.06365 |bibcode=2016AdSpR..57..257M |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2015.08.026 |last1=Moreno Cárdenas|first1=Freddy|last2=Cristancho Sánchez|first2=Sergio|last3=Vargas Domínguez|first3=Santiago|last4=Hayakawa|first4=Satoshi|last5=Kumar|first5=Sandeep|last6=Mukherjee|first6=Shyamoli|last7=Veenadhari|first7=B.|s2cid=119183512}}</ref>。估计磁暴强度的范围在-800[[特斯拉|nT.]]至-1750nT.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2014/23jul_superstorm/|title=Near Miss: The Solar Superstorm of July 2012 – NASA Science|website=science.nasa.gov|accessdate=2016-09-14|||}}</ref>。
1859年9月1日至2日,发生了一次最强的磁暴(由地面磁强计记录)。极光出现在世界各地,北半球的极光在加勒比海地区都可以看见;在美国,洛矶山脉上空非常明亮,光芒将当地金矿的工人惊醒,使他们误以为天亮了,而开始準备早餐<ref name="Odenwald" />。[[美国东北部]]的人们可以在极光下閱读报紙<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/03/110302-solar-flares-sun-storms-earth-danger-carrington-event-science/ |work=[[National Geographic News]] |title=What If the Biggest Solar Storm on Record Happened Today? |author=Richard A. Lovett ||date=2011-03-02 |accessdate=2011-09-05 |||}}</ref>。从两极到在墨西哥中部的低緯度地区都能看见极光<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hayakawa |first=H. |title=Low-latitude Aurorae during the Extreme Space Weather Events in 1859 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=869|issue=1|pages=57|date=2018 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aae47c |arxiv=1811.02786 |bibcode=2018ApJ...869...57H |s2cid=119386459 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=González‐Esparza |first=J. A. |author2=M. C. Cuevas‐Cardona |title=Observations of Low Latitude Red Aurora in Mexico During the 1859 Carrington Geomagnetic Storm |journal=Space Weather |volume=16|issue=6|pages=593|date=2018 |doi=10.1029/2017SW001789 |bibcode=2018SpWea..16..593G |doi-access=free }}</ref>。[[昆士兰]]、古巴、夏威夷<ref>{{cite journal |first=J. |last=Green |title=Duration and extent of the great auroral storm of 1859 |journal=Advances in Space Research|volume=38 |number=2 |pages=130–135|year=2006|bibcode=2006AdSpR..38..130G |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.08.054 |pmid=28066122 |pmc=5215858 }}</ref>、日本和中国的南部<ref>{{Cite web|title=国家空间科学数据中心(National Space Science Data Center)|url=https://vsso.nssdc.ac.cn/mhsy/html/videodec.html?2e64c926-b27c-4fb4-a759-8d8025e834c4|access-date=2021-10-28|work=vsso.nssdc.ac.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=H. |last=Hayakawa |title=East Asian observations of low-latitude aurora during the Carrington magnetic storm |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan|volume=68 |number=6 |pages=99|year=2016|bibcode= 2016PASJ...68...99H |doi=10.1093/pasj/psw097 |arxiv=1608.07702| s2cid=119268875 }}</ref>,甚至在靠近赤道的低緯度地区 ,例如哥伦比亚,都能看见极光<ref>{{cite journal |title=The grand aurorae borealis seen in Colombia in 1859|journal=Advances in Space Research|volume=57 |number=1 |pages=257–267|year=2016|arxiv=1508.06365 |bibcode=2016AdSpR..57..257M |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2015.08.026 |last1=Moreno Cárdenas|first1=Freddy|last2=Cristancho Sánchez|first2=Sergio|last3=Vargas Domínguez|first3=Santiago|last4=Hayakawa|first4=Satoshi|last5=Kumar|first5=Sandeep|last6=Mukherjee|first6=Shyamoli|last7=Veenadhari|first7=B.|s2cid=119183512}}</ref>。估计磁暴强度的范围在-800[[特斯拉|nT.]]至-1750nT.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2014/23jul_superstorm/|title=Near Miss: The Solar Superstorm of July 2012 – NASA Science|website=science.nasa.gov|accessdate=2016-09-14|||}}</ref>。
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在1909年,一位澳大利亚的金矿工赫伯特(C.F. Herbert)在写給珀斯的{{link-en|每日新闻 (澳大利亚)|Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)|每日新闻}}的信中描述了他当时的观察:
在1909年,一位澳大利亚的金矿工赫伯特(C.F. Herbert)在写給珀斯的{{link-en|每日新闻 (澳大利亚)|Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)|每日新闻}}的信中描述了他当时的观察:
{{quote|text=我是在距离[[多利州|维多利亚镇]]大约4英里的罗克伍德(Rokewood)挖金矿的矿工。我和两位伙伴在晚上7点左右从帳篷向外望去,看到南方的天空中有一个巨大的倒影,大约半个小时后,出现了不知该如何形容的美丽景象。南方的天空发出各种顏色的光,如果可能的话,当一种顏色渐渐褪去,就会有另一种更美的顏色出现;光辉一直流到天顶,但到达天顶时,总是变成一种濃郁的紫色,也总是卷曲著,留下一片清澈的天空,这些始终维持在手臂伸直时约4根手指宽的范围。在天顶北方的天空也被美丽的色彩照亮,也总是在天顶处卷曲,但因为南方和北方所有的顏色是对应的,因此被认为只是南方显示的复制品。这是一个永远不会被遺忘的景象,在当时被认为是最伟大的极光纪录…。理性主义者和泛神论者看到大自然穿著它最精緻的长袍,认识到神圣的内在,永恒的法则、因果。迷信者和狂热者有可怕的預感,他们认为这預示著世界末日和最终的毀灭<ref>{{cite news|last1=Herbert|first1=Count Frank|title=The Great Aurora of 1859|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/77351480|accessdate=2018-04-01|work=The Daily News|date=1909-10-08|location=Perth, WA|page=9|||}}</ref>}}。
{{quote|text=我是在距离[[多利州|维多利亚镇]]大约4英里的罗克伍德(Rokewood)挖金矿的矿工。我和两位伙伴在晚上7点左右从帳篷向外望去,看到南方的天空中有一个巨大的倒影,大约半个小时后,出现了不知该如何形容的美丽景象。南方的天空发出各种顏色的光,如果可能的话,当一种顏色渐渐褪去,就会有另一种更美的顏色出现;光辉一直流到天顶,但到达天顶时,总是变成一种濃郁的紫色,也总是卷曲著,留下一片清澈的天空,这些始终维持在手臂伸直时约4根手指宽的范围。在天顶北方的天空也被美丽的色彩照亮,也总是在天顶处卷曲,但因为南方和北方所有的顏色是对应的,因此被认为只是南方显示的复制品。这是一个永远不会被遺忘的景象,在当时被认为是最伟大的极光纪录…。理性主义者和泛神论者看到大自然穿著它最精緻的长袍,认识到神圣的内在,永恒的法则、因果。迷信者和狂热者有可怕的預感,他们认为这預示著世界末日和最终的毀灭<ref>{{cite news|last1=Herbert|first1=Count Frank|title=The Great Aurora of 1859|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/77351480|accessdate=2018-04-01|work=The Daily News|date=1909-10-08|location=Perth, WA|page=9|||}}</ref>}}。


在2013年6月,一家由伦敦劳埃德银行和美国大气与环境研究所的研究人员组成的合资企业,利用卡灵顿事件的数据估计,仅就美国而言,类似事件的成本高达0.6〜2.6兆美元<ref name="lloyds2013" />,这相当于当时每年GDP的3.6%〜15.5%。
在2013年6月,一家由伦敦劳埃德银行和美国大气与环境研究所的研究人员组成的合资企业,利用卡灵顿事件的数据估计,仅就美国而言,类似事件的成本高达0.6〜2.6兆美元<ref name="lloyds2013" />,这相当于当时每年GDP的3.6%〜15.5%。
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{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
* [http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2008/06may_carringtonflare.htm A Super Solar Flare], Trudy E. Bell & Dr. Tony Phillips, May 6, 2008, Science@NASA
* [http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2008/06may_carringtonflare.htm A Super Solar Flare], Trudy E. Bell & Dr. Tony Phillips, May 6, 2008, Science@NASA
* [http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20127001.300-space-storm-alert-90-seconds-from-catastrophe.html?full=true Space storm alert: 90 seconds from catastrophe], [[New Scientist]], March 23, 2009 by Michael Brooks, accessed March 28, 2009
* [http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20127001.300-space-storm-alert-90-seconds-from-catastrophe.html?full=true Space storm alert: 90 seconds from catastrophe], [[新科學人|New Scientist]], March 23, 2009 by Michael Brooks, accessed March 28, 2009
* [http://www.geomag.bgs.ac.uk/carrington.html The Largest Magnetic Storm on Record], The "Carrington Event" of August 27 to September 7, 1859; Recorded at [[Kew Observatory]], [[London]], (images of the magnetometer recordings), accessed March 28, 2009
* [http://www.geomag.bgs.ac.uk/carrington.html The Largest Magnetic Storm on Record], The "Carrington Event" of August 27 to September 7, 1859; Recorded at [[Kew Observatory]], [[伦敦|London]], (images of the magnetometer recordings), accessed March 28, 2009
* [http://www.stuartclark.com/sunkings.html ''The Sun Kings: The Unexpected Tragedy of Richard Carrington and the Tale of How Modern Astronomy Began''], ISBN 978-0-691-12660-9, [[Stuart Clark (astronomer)|Stuart Clark]], 2007
* [http://www.stuartclark.com/sunkings.html ''The Sun Kings: The Unexpected Tragedy of Richard Carrington and the Tale of How Modern Astronomy Began''], ISBN 978-0-691-12660-9, [[Stuart Clark (astronomer)|Stuart Clark]], 2007
{{Refend}}
{{Refend}}
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* {{Cite journal |last1=Boteler |first1=D. |title=Comment on time conventions in the recordings of 1859 |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=301–303 |year=2006 |bibcode=2006AdSpR..38..301B |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2006.07.006 }}
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* {{cite news |publisher=British Geological Survey |title=The Largest Magnetic Storm on Record...or Is It? The 'Carrington Event' of August 27 to September 7, 1859: Recorded at Greenwich Observatory, London |url=http://www.geomag.bgs.ac.uk/carrington.html |date=2011 |accessdate=2009-03-28 |||}}
* {{cite news |publisher=British Geological Survey |title=The Largest Magnetic Storm on Record...or Is It? The 'Carrington Event' of August 27 to September 7, 1859: Recorded at Greenwich Observatory, London |url=http://www.geomag.bgs.ac.uk/carrington.html |date=2011 |accessdate=2009-03-28 |||}}
* {{cite news |last=Brooks |first=Michael |date=2009-03-23 |title=Space storm alert: 90 seconds from catastrophe |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20127001.300-space-storm-alert-90-seconds-from-catastrophe.html?full=true |work=[[New Scientist]] |accessdate=2009-03-28 |||}}
* {{cite news |last=Brooks |first=Michael |date=2009-03-23 |title=Space storm alert: 90 seconds from catastrophe |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20127001.300-space-storm-alert-90-seconds-from-catastrophe.html?full=true |work=[[新科學人|New Scientist]] |accessdate=2009-03-28 |||}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Burke |first1=W. |last2=Huang |first2=C. |last3=Rich |first3=F. |title=Energetics of the April 2000 magnetic superstorm observed by DMSP |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=239–252 |year=2006 |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.07.085 |bibcode=2006AdSpR..38..239B |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1258760 |access-date=2021-05-14 |||}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Burke |first1=W. |last2=Huang |first2=C. |last3=Rich |first3=F. |title=Energetics of the April 2000 magnetic superstorm observed by DMSP |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=239–252 |year=2006 |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.07.085 |bibcode=2006AdSpR..38..239B |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1258760 |access-date=2021-05-14 |||}}
* {{cite journal |editor1-last=Calvin |editor1-first=Robert Clauer |editor2-link=George Siscoe |editor2-first=George L. |editor2-last=Siscoe |issue=2 |volume=38 |pages=115–388 |year=2006 |journal=Advances in Space Research |title=The Great Historical Geomagnetic Storm of 1859: A Modern Look |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2006.09.002 }}
* {{cite journal |editor1-last=Calvin |editor1-first=Robert Clauer |editor2-link=George Siscoe |editor2-first=George L. |editor2-last=Siscoe |issue=2 |volume=38 |pages=115–388 |year=2006 |journal=Advances in Space Research |title=The Great Historical Geomagnetic Storm of 1859: A Modern Look |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2006.09.002 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Carrington |first=R. C. |title=Description of a Singular Appearance seen in the Sun on September 1, 1859 |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |volume=20 |pages=13–5 |date=1859 |url=http://adsbit.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=1859MNRAS..20...13C |bibcode=1859MNRAS..20...13C |doi=10.1093/mnras/20.1.13 |doi-access=free |access-date=2010-09-12 |||}}
* {{cite journal |last=Carrington |first=R. C. |title=Description of a Singular Appearance seen in the Sun on September 1, 1859 |journal=[[皇家天文學會月報|Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |volume=20 |pages=13–5 |date=1859 |url=http://adsbit.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=1859MNRAS..20...13C |bibcode=1859MNRAS..20...13C |doi=10.1093/mnras/20.1.13 |doi-access=free |access-date=2010-09-12 |||}}
* {{cite book |last=Clark |first=Stuart |date=2007 ||title=The Sun Kings: The Unexpected Tragedy of Richard Carrington and the Tale of How Modern Astronomy Began |isbn=978-0-691-12660-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Clark |first=Stuart |date=2007 ||title=The Sun Kings: The Unexpected Tragedy of Richard Carrington and the Tale of How Modern Astronomy Began |isbn=978-0-691-12660-9 }}
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* {{Cite journal |last1=Cliver |first1=E. W. |last2=Svalgaard |first2=L. |title=The 1859 Solar–Terrestrial Disturbance and the Current Limits of Extreme Space Weather Activity |journal=Solar Physics |volume=224 |issue=1–2 |pages=407 |year=2004 |doi=10.1007/s11207-005-4980-z |url=http://www.leif.org/research/1859%20Storm%20-%20Extreme%20Space%20Weather.pdf |bibcode=2004SoPh..224..407C |s2cid=120093108 |access-date=2021-05-14 |||}}