1859年太陽風暴：修订间差异

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 年9月1日至2日，发生了一次最强的磁暴（由地面磁强计记录）。极光出现在世界各地，北半球的极光在加勒比海地区都可以看见；在美国，洛矶山脉上空非常明亮，光芒将当地金矿的工人惊醒，使他们误以为天亮了，而开始準备早餐<ref name="Odenwald" />。[[美国东北部]]的人们可以在极光下閱读报紙<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/03/110302-solar-flares-sun-storms-earth-danger-carrington-event-science/ |work=[[National Geographic News]] |title=What If the Biggest Solar Storm on Record Happened Today? |author=Richard A. Lovett ||date=2011-03-02 |accessdate=2011-09-05 |||}}</ref>。从两极到在墨西哥中部的低緯度地区都能看见极光<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hayakawa |first=H. |title=Low-latitude Aurorae during the Extreme Space Weather Events in 1859 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=869|issue=1|pages=57|date=2018 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aae47c |arxiv=1811.02786 |bibcode=2018ApJ...869...57H |s2cid=119386459 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=González‐Esparza |first=J. A. |author2=M. C. Cuevas‐Cardona  |title=Observations of Low Latitude Red Aurora in Mexico During the 1859 Carrington Geomagnetic Storm |journal=Space Weather |volume=16|issue=6|pages=593|date=2018 |doi=10.1029/2017SW001789 |bibcode=2018SpWea..16..593G |doi-access=free }}</ref>。[[昆士兰]]、古巴、夏威夷<ref>{{cite journal |first=J. |last=Green |title=Duration and extent of the great auroral storm of 1859 |journal=Advances in Space Research|volume=38 |number=2 |pages=130–135|year=2006|bibcode=2006AdSpR..38..130G |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.08.054 |pmid=28066122 |pmc=5215858 }}</ref>、日本和中国的南部<ref>{{Cite web|title=国家空间科学数据中心(National Space Science Data Center)|url=https://vsso.nssdc.ac.cn/mhsy/html/videodec.html?2e64c926-b27c-4fb4-a759-8d8025e834c4|access-date=2021-10-28|work=vsso.nssdc.ac.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=H. |last=Hayakawa |title=East Asian observations of low-latitude aurora during the Carrington magnetic storm |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan|volume=68 |number=6 |pages=99|year=2016|bibcode= 2016PASJ...68...99H |doi=10.1093/pasj/psw097 |arxiv=1608.07702| s2cid=119268875 }}</ref>，甚至在靠近赤道的低緯度地区 ，例如哥伦比亚，都能看见极光<ref>{{cite journal |title=The grand aurorae borealis seen in Colombia in 1859|journal=Advances in Space Research|volume=57 |number=1 |pages=257–267|year=2016|arxiv=1508.06365 |bibcode=2016AdSpR..57..257M |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2015.08.026 |last1=Moreno Cárdenas|first1=Freddy|last2=Cristancho Sánchez|first2=Sergio|last3=Vargas Domínguez|first3=Santiago|last4=Hayakawa|first4=Satoshi|last5=Kumar|first5=Sandeep|last6=Mukherjee|first6=Shyamoli|last7=Veenadhari|first7=B.|s2cid=119183512}}</ref>。估计磁暴强度的范围在-800[[特斯拉|nT.]]至-1750nT.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2014/23jul_superstorm/|title=Near Miss: The Solar Superstorm of July 2012 – NASA Science|website=science.nasa.gov|accessdate=2016-09-14|||}}</ref>。
-遍布欧洲和北美洲的[[电报]]系统失灵，一些正在操作电报的人员遭到[[电击]] <ref name="understandingsocietal">{{cite book |page=13 |title=Severe Space Weather Events—Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts: A Workshop Report |author=Committee on the Societal and Economic Impacts of Severe Space Weather Events: A Workshop, National Research Council |publisher=National Academies Press |date=2008 |isbn=978-0-309-12769-1 }}</ref>，电报塔发出火花<ref name="stormystar">{{cite book |page=[https://archive.org/details/23rdcyclelearnin00oden/page/28 28] |first=Sten F. |last=Odenwald |title=The 23rd Cycle ||accessdate=registration |publisher=Columbia University Press |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-231-12079-1 }}</ref>。 儘管一些电报机已经关掉了电源，但报务员仍然可以继续发送和接收资讯<ref name="stormsfromthesun">{{cite book |page=[https://archive.org/details/stormsfromsuneme0000carl/page/58 58] |first=Michael J. |last=Carlowicz |author2=Lopez, Ramon E.  |title=Storms from the Sun: The Emerging Science of Space Weather ||publisher=National Academies Press |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-309-07642-5 }}</ref>。
+遍布欧洲和北美洲的[[电报]]系统失灵，一些正在操作电报的人员遭到[[电击]] <ref name="understandingsocietal">{{cite book |page=13 |title=Severe Space Weather Events—Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts: A Workshop Report |author=Committee on the Societal and Economic Impacts of Severe Space Weather Events: A Workshop, National Research Council |publisher=National Academies Press |date=2008 |isbn=978-0-309-12769-1 }}</ref>，电报塔发出火花<ref name="stormystar">{{cite book |page=28 |first=Sten F. |last=Odenwald |title=The 23rd Cycle ||accessdate=registration |publisher=Columbia University Press |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-231-12079-1 }}</ref>。 儘管一些电报机已经关掉了电源，但报务员仍然可以继续发送和接收资讯<ref name="stormsfromthesun">{{cite book |page=58 |first=Michael J. |last=Carlowicz |author2=Lopez, Ramon E.  |title=Storms from the Sun: The Emerging Science of Space Weather ||publisher=National Academies Press |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-309-07642-5 }}</ref>。
 年9月3日，星期六，"{{link-en|Baltimore American and Commercial Advertiser |Baltimore News-American}}"报导：
-{{quote|text=那些在週四深夜碰巧外出的人机缘湊巧目睹了一次壮丽的极光展示。如果可能的话，星期日晚间也会有非常相似的现象，光线也有可能会更为明亮，棱柱狀的色调也会更加丰富多彩。光线显然像一片发光的云彩，似乎覆盖的整个天空，通过云彩依然可见较亮的恒星发出隱约的光。这些光比满月时的月光还要亮，但有一种难以形容的柔和和細膩，似乎把它所依靠的一切都包裹了起来。在子夜12点至1点之间，展示出最絢丽的景象时，在这奇异的光芒下，靜謐的都市街道呈现出既美丽又奇异的景象<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=tCoNjB6AT50C&dat=18590903&printsec=frontpage|work=[[Baltimore News-American|Baltimore American and Commercial Advertiser]]|date=1859-09-03|page=2; Column 2|accessdate=2011-02-16|title=The Aurora Borealis|||}}</ref>。}}
+{{quote|text=那些在週四深夜碰巧外出的人机缘湊巧目睹了一次壮丽的极光展示。如果可能的话，星期日晚间也会有非常相似的现象，光线也有可能会更为明亮，棱柱狀的色调也会更加丰富多彩。光线显然像一片发光的云彩，似乎覆盖的整个天空，通过云彩依然可见较亮的恒星发出隱约的光。这些光比满月时的月光还要亮，但有一种难以形容的柔和和細膩，似乎把它所依靠的一切都包裹了起来。在子夜12点至1点之间，展示出最絢丽的景象时，在这奇异的光芒下，靜謐的都市街道呈现出既美丽又奇异的景象<ref>{{cite news||work=[[Baltimore News-American|Baltimore American and Commercial Advertiser]]|date=1859-09-03|page=2; Column 2|accessdate=2011-02-16|title=The Aurora Borealis|||}}</ref>。}}
 在1909年，一位澳大利亚的金矿工赫伯特(C.F. Herbert)在写給珀斯的{{link-en|每日新闻 (澳大利亚)|Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)|每日新闻}}的信中描述了他当时的观察：