环球音乐集团：修订间差异

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騰訊於2020年3月以30億[[歐元]]的價格收購了環球音樂集團10%的股份，<ref>{{cite web |author1=Marc Schneider |title=Tencent Agrees to Buy 10 Percent of Universal Music Group |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/tencent-agrees-buy-10-percent-universal-music-group-1265356/ |publisher=[[好萊塢報道]] |language=en |date=2019-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Tim Ingham |title=Sir Lucian Grainge: After Tencent Deal ‘our Strategic Vision Remains the Same’ |url=https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/sir-lucian-grainge-after-tencent-deal-our-strategic-vision-remains-the-same/ |publisher={{Link-en|全球音樂商業網|Music Business Worldwide}} |accessdate=2021-10-20 |language=en |date=2019-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tencent’s Universal Music Group acquisition is now official |url=https://musicbiznation.com/news/tencent-universal-acquisition-official/ |publisher=Music Biz Nation |accessdate=2021-10-20 |language=en |date=2020-03-21}}</ref>並於2021年1月再度收購了10%的股份。<ref>{{cite web |title=Vivendi: the Tencent-led consortium has completed the exercise of its call option and now owns 20% of UMG’s share capital |url=https://www.vivendi.com/en/press-release/vivendi-the-tencent-led-consortium-has-completed-the-exercise-of-its-call-option-and-now-owns-20-of-umgs-share-capital/ |publisher=[[威望迪]] |accessdate=2021-10-20 |language=en |date=2021-01-29}}</ref>{{Link-en|潘興廣場控股|Pershing Square Holdings}}則在環球音樂集團[[首次公開募股]]之前從[[泛歐交易所]]收購了10%的股份。該集團隨後於2021年9月21日上市，集團被估值460億歐元。<ref>{{cite web |author1=Murray Stassen |title=Universal Hits Massive Valuation of $54bn As It Lists on Amsterdam Stock Exchange |url=https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/universal-hits-massive-valuation-of-54bn-as-it-lists-on-amsterdam-stock-exchange/ |publisher=s |accessdate=2021-10-20 |language=en |date=2021-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Natasha Turak |title=Universal Music Group shares soar in market debut |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/09/21/universal-music-group-shares-soar-in-market-debut.html |publisher=[[CNBC]] |accessdate=2021-10-20 |language=en |date=2021-09-21}}</ref>
騰訊於2020年3月以30億[[歐元]]的價格收購了環球音樂集團10%的股份，<ref>{{cite web |author1=Marc Schneider |title=Tencent Agrees to Buy 10 Percent of Universal Music Group |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/music-news/tencent-agrees-buy-10-percent-universal-music-group-1265356/ |publisher=[[好萊塢報道]] |language=en |date=2019-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Tim Ingham |title=Sir Lucian Grainge: After Tencent Deal ‘our Strategic Vision Remains the Same’ |url=https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/sir-lucian-grainge-after-tencent-deal-our-strategic-vision-remains-the-same/ |publisher={{Link-en|全球音樂商業網|Music Business Worldwide}} |accessdate=2021-10-20 |language=en |date=2019-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tencent’s Universal Music Group acquisition is now official |url=https://musicbiznation.com/news/tencent-universal-acquisition-official/ |publisher=Music Biz Nation |accessdate=2021-10-20 |language=en |date=2020-03-21}}</ref>並於2021年1月再度收購了10%的股份。<ref>{{cite web |title=Vivendi: the Tencent-led consortium has completed the exercise of its call option and now owns 20% of UMG’s share capital |url=https://www.vivendi.com/en/press-release/vivendi-the-tencent-led-consortium-has-completed-the-exercise-of-its-call-option-and-now-owns-20-of-umgs-share-capital/ |publisher=[[威望迪]] |accessdate=2021-10-20 |language=en |date=2021-01-29}}</ref>{{Link-en|潘興廣場控股|Pershing Square Holdings}}則在環球音樂集團[[首次公開募股]]之前從[[泛歐交易所]]收購了10%的股份。該集團隨後於2021年9月21日上市，集團被估值460億歐元。<ref>{{cite web |author1=Murray Stassen |title=Universal Hits Massive Valuation of $54bn As It Lists on Amsterdam Stock Exchange |url=https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/universal-hits-massive-valuation-of-54bn-as-it-lists-on-amsterdam-stock-exchange/ |publisher=s |accessdate=2021-10-20 |language=en |date=2021-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Natasha Turak |title=Universal Music Group shares soar in market debut |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/09/21/universal-music-group-shares-soar-in-market-debut.html |publisher=[[CNBC]] |accessdate=2021-10-20 |language=en |date=2021-09-21}}</ref>


2019年，《{{Link-en|快公司|Fast Company}}》雜誌授予環球音樂集團最具創新力的音樂公司，並將其列為全球最具創新力的五十家公司之一；<ref>{{cite web |title=The World’s Most Innovative Companies 2019: Music Honorees |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/most-innovative-companies/2019/sectors/music |publisher={{Link-en|快公司|Fast Company}} |accessdate=2021-10-20 |language=en}}</ref>他們認為環球音樂集團“在音樂行業的數字化轉型中，環球正在重新定義現代唱片公司應有的樣子。”<ref>{{cite web |author1=J. J. Mccorvey |title=How $33 billion Universal Music Group is redefining the modern music label |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90299020/universal-music-group-most-innovative-companies-2019 |publisher={{Link-en|快公司|Fast Company}} |accessdate=2021-10-20 |language=en |date=2019-02-19}}</ref>目前，環球音樂平台已與全球400多個平台簽署了許可協議。<ref>{{cite web |title=Music - Vivendi |url=https://www.vivendi.com/en/activities/music-2/ |publisher=[[威望迪]] |accessdate=2021-10-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508185518/https://www.vivendi.com/en/activities/music-2/ |archivedate=2019-05-08 |language=en}}</ref>
2019年，《{{Link-en|快公司|Fast Company}}》雜誌授予環球音樂集團最具創新力的音樂公司，並將其列為全球最具創新力的五十家公司之一；<ref>{{cite web |title=The World’s Most Innovative Companies 2019: Music Honorees |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/most-innovative-companies/2019/sectors/music |publisher={{Link-en|快公司|Fast Company}} |accessdate=2021-10-20 |language=en}}</ref>他們認為環球音樂集團“在音樂行業的數字化轉型中，環球正在重新定義現代唱片公司應有的樣子。”<ref>{{cite web |author1=J. J. Mccorvey |title=How $33 billion Universal Music Group is redefining the modern music label |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90299020/universal-music-group-most-innovative-companies-2019 |publisher={{Link-en|快公司|Fast Company}} |accessdate=2021-10-20 |language=en |date=2019-02-19}}</ref>目前，環球音樂平台已與全球400多個平台簽署了許可協議。<ref>{{cite web |title=Music - Vivendi |url=https://www.vivendi.com/en/activities/music-2/ |publisher=[[威望迪]] |accessdate=2021-10-20 |||language=en}}</ref>


== 公司歷史 ==
== 公司歷史 ==
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=== 成立和早期發展 ===
=== 成立和早期發展 ===
環球音樂集團的起源最早可以追溯到[[迪卡唱片]]於1934年9月在美国所成立的分公司。<ref>{{cite web |author1=R.J. Wakeman |title=The Origin & Many Uses of Shellac by R.J. Wakeman |url=http://www.antiquephono.org/the-origin-many-uses-of-shellac-by-r-j-wakeman/ |publisher=The Antique Phonograph Society |accessdate=2021-10-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Frank Daniels |title=US Decca LP Labels |url=http://heroinc.0catch.com/decca/ |publisher=Frank Daniels |accessdate=2021-10-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104205135/http://heroinc.0catch.com/decca/ |archivedate=2009-01-04 |language=en}}</ref>1939年，英國的迪卡唱片將美國迪卡分拆出來。<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Milton R. Rackmil |title=Pioneers' Dream Becomes Reality With Decca |journal=[[告示牌 (雜誌)|告示牌]] |date=1954-08-28 |page=14 |accessdate=2021-10-20 |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc. |language=en |issn=0006-2510}}</ref>{{Link-en|MCA公司|MCA Inc.}}於1962年於美國迪卡合併。<ref>{{cite web |author1=Roy Trakin |title=A Brief History of MCA Records |url=https://hitsdailydouble.com/news&id=276614 |publisher=HITS Digital Ventures |accessdate=2021-10-20 |language=en |date=2003-06-19}}</ref>
環球音樂集團的起源最早可以追溯到[[迪卡唱片]]於1934年9月在美国所成立的分公司。<ref>{{cite web |author1=R.J. Wakeman |title=The Origin & Many Uses of Shellac by R.J. Wakeman |url=http://www.antiquephono.org/the-origin-many-uses-of-shellac-by-r-j-wakeman/ |publisher=The Antique Phonograph Society |accessdate=2021-10-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Frank Daniels |title=US Decca LP Labels |url=http://heroinc.0catch.com/decca/ |publisher=Frank Daniels |accessdate=2021-10-20 |||language=en}}</ref>1939年，英國的迪卡唱片將美國迪卡分拆出來。<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Milton R. Rackmil |title=Pioneers' Dream Becomes Reality With Decca |journal=[[告示牌 (雜誌)|告示牌]] |date=1954-08-28 |page=14 |accessdate=2021-10-20 |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc. |language=en |issn=0006-2510}}</ref>{{Link-en|MCA公司|MCA Inc.}}於1962年於美國迪卡合併。<ref>{{cite web |author1=Roy Trakin |title=A Brief History of MCA Records |url=https://hitsdailydouble.com/news&id=276614 |publisher=HITS Digital Ventures |accessdate=2021-10-20 |language=en |date=2003-06-19}}</ref>


1990年11月，[[日本]][[跨國公司|跨國企業]][[松下電器]]以65.9億[[美元]]的價格[[併購|收購]]了MCA公司。<ref>{{cite web |author1=Michael Cieply |author2=Alan Citron |title=It's a Wrap: MCA Sold : Matsushita to Pay About $6.6 Billion |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1990-11-26/news/mn-4086_1_mca-shareholders |publisher=[[洛杉磯時報]] |accessdate=2021-10-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022225339/http://articles.latimes.com/1990-11-26/news/mn-4086_1_mca-shareholders |archivedate=2013-10-22 |language=en |date=1990-11-26}}</ref><!-- removed_ref site196 by WaitSpring-bot (template) -->1995年，{{Link-en|西格集團|Seagram}}從松下電氣手中收購了MCA公司80%的股份。<!-- removed_ref site196 by WaitSpring-bot (template) --><!-- removed_ref site196 by WaitSpring-bot (template) -->1996年12月9日，公司更名為“[[环球影业|環球製片廠股份有限公司]]”，<ref>{{cite web |title=MCA changes name to Universal Studios Inc. |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/orlando/stories/1996/12/09/daily1.html |publisher={{Link-en|美國城市商業期刊|American City Business Journals|奧蘭多商業期刊}} |accessdate=2021-10-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215192927/http://www.bizjournals.com/orlando/stories/1996/12/09/daily1.html |archivedate=2017-02-15 |language=en |date=1996-12-09}}</ref>而其音樂事業部門則更名為“環球音樂集團”；MCA唱片則繼續作為環球音樂內部旗下的一個音樂廠牌被保留。1998年5月，西格集團收購了[[寶麗金]]，<ref>{{cite web |title=Seagram buys PolyGram |url=https://money.cnn.com/1998/05/21/deals/tropicana/ |publisher=[[CNN]] |accessdate=2021-10-21 |language=en |date=1998-05-21}}</ref>並於1999年出與環球音樂集團合併。<ref>{{cite web |title=Hundreds of Jobs Lost in Universal Mega-Merger |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/hundreds-of-jobs-lost-in-universal-mega-merger-114582/ |publisher=[[滾石 (雜誌)|滾石]] |accessdate=2021-10-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308191840/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/hundreds-of-jobs-lost-in-universal-mega-merger-114582/ |archivedate=2021-03-08 |language=en |date=1999-01-22}}</ref>
1990年11月，[[日本]][[跨國公司|跨國企業]][[松下電器]]以65.9億[[美元]]的價格[[併購|收購]]了MCA公司。<ref>{{cite web |author1=Michael Cieply |author2=Alan Citron |title=It's a Wrap: MCA Sold : Matsushita to Pay About $6.6 Billion |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1990-11-26/news/mn-4086_1_mca-shareholders |publisher=[[洛杉磯時報]] |accessdate=2021-10-21 |||language=en |date=1990-11-26}}</ref><!-- removed_ref site196 by WaitSpring-bot (template) -->1995年，{{Link-en|西格集團|Seagram}}從松下電氣手中收購了MCA公司80%的股份。<!-- removed_ref site196 by WaitSpring-bot (template) --><!-- removed_ref site196 by WaitSpring-bot (template) -->1996年12月9日，公司更名為“[[环球影业|環球製片廠股份有限公司]]”，<ref>{{cite web |title=MCA changes name to Universal Studios Inc. |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/orlando/stories/1996/12/09/daily1.html |publisher={{Link-en|美國城市商業期刊|American City Business Journals|奧蘭多商業期刊}} |accessdate=2021-10-21 |||language=en |date=1996-12-09}}</ref>而其音樂事業部門則更名為“環球音樂集團”；MCA唱片則繼續作為環球音樂內部旗下的一個音樂廠牌被保留。1998年5月，西格集團收購了[[寶麗金]]，<ref>{{cite web |title=Seagram buys PolyGram |url=https://money.cnn.com/1998/05/21/deals/tropicana/ |publisher=[[CNN]] |accessdate=2021-10-21 |language=en |date=1998-05-21}}</ref>並於1999年出與環球音樂集團合併。<ref>{{cite web |title=Hundreds of Jobs Lost in Universal Mega-Merger |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/hundreds-of-jobs-lost-in-universal-mega-merger-114582/ |publisher=[[滾石 (雜誌)|滾石]] |accessdate=2021-10-21 |||language=en |date=1999-01-22}}</ref>


=== 分拆及併購BMG ===
=== 分拆及併購BMG ===
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2008年，環球音樂集團同意將其音樂目錄提供給[[Spotify]]；後者是一種新的[[串流媒體]]服務，供美國以外的地區有限使用。<ref>{{cite web |title=How Spotify Built a $20 Billion Business by Changing How People Listen to Music |url=https://producthabits.com/how-spotify-built-a-20-billion-business-by-changing-how-people-listen-to-music/ |publisher=Product Habits |accessdate=2021-10-21 |language=en}}</ref>
2008年，環球音樂集團同意將其音樂目錄提供給[[Spotify]]；後者是一種新的[[串流媒體]]服務，供美國以外的地區有限使用。<ref>{{cite web |title=How Spotify Built a $20 Billion Business by Changing How People Listen to Music |url=https://producthabits.com/how-spotify-built-a-20-billion-business-by-changing-how-people-listen-to-music/ |publisher=Product Habits |accessdate=2021-10-21 |language=en}}</ref>


{{Link-en|道格·莫里斯|Doug Morris}}於2011年1月1日辭去了環球音樂集團[[首席執行官]]一職，而環球音樂國際公司前[[董事長]]兼首席執行官{{Link-en|盧西安·格蘭奇|Lucian Grainge}}被提拔為集團首席執行官；隨後格蘭奇又於2011年3月9日接替莫里斯出任集團董事長。<ref>{{cite web |title=Vivendi Appoints Lucian Grainge Chairman & CEO of Universal Music Group |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/record-labels/vivendi-appoints-lucian-grainge-chairman-1005066282.story |publisher=告示牌 |accessdate=2021-10-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127023347/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/record-labels/vivendi-appoints-lucian-grainge-chairman-1005066282.story |archivedate=2012-11-27 |language=en |date=2011-03-09}}</ref>道格·莫里斯在離開環球音樂集團後於2011年7月1日成為[[索尼音樂娛樂|索尼音樂娛樂集團]]的新任董事長。<ref>{{cite web |author1=Ethan Smith |title=Sony Music Recruits CEO |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703559604576176500047935830.html |publisher=[[華爾街日報]] |accessdate=2021-10-21 |language=en |date=2011-03-03}}</ref>隨著格蘭奇升任集團首席執行官，{{Link-en|麥克斯·霍爾|Max Hole}}在2010年7月1日被任命為環球音樂國際的[[首席運營官]]。<ref>{{cite web |title=Universal Music Group International promotes Max Hole to Chief Operating Officer |url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/20100315.html |publisher=[[國際唱片業協會]] |accessdate=2021-10-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022012117/http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/20100315.html |archivedate=2013-10-22 |language=en |date=2010-07-01}}</ref>從2011年開始，環球音樂集團旗下的{{Link-en|新視鏡格芬A&M唱片|Interscope Geffen A&M Records}}開始與《[[美國偶像]]》節目裡的參賽者。2011年1月，環球音樂集團宣布將把1920年代至1940年代的約200,000份母帶錄音捐贈給[[國會圖書館 (美國)|美國國會圖書館]]進行保存。<ref>{{cite web |title=Universal Music Group's vintage recordings head to Library of Congress |url=https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2011/01/universal-music-library-of-congress-bing-crosby-ella-fitzgerald.html |publisher=[[洛杉磯時報]] |accessdate=2021-10-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126071152/https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2011/01/universal-music-library-of-congress-bing-crosby-ella-fitzgerald.html |archivedate=2021-01-26 |language=en |date=2011-01-10}}</ref>
{{Link-en|道格·莫里斯|Doug Morris}}於2011年1月1日辭去了環球音樂集團[[首席執行官]]一職，而環球音樂國際公司前[[董事長]]兼首席執行官{{Link-en|盧西安·格蘭奇|Lucian Grainge}}被提拔為集團首席執行官；隨後格蘭奇又於2011年3月9日接替莫里斯出任集團董事長。<ref>{{cite web |title=Vivendi Appoints Lucian Grainge Chairman & CEO of Universal Music Group |url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/record-labels/vivendi-appoints-lucian-grainge-chairman-1005066282.story |publisher=告示牌 |accessdate=2021-10-21 |||language=en |date=2011-03-09}}</ref>道格·莫里斯在離開環球音樂集團後於2011年7月1日成為[[索尼音樂娛樂|索尼音樂娛樂集團]]的新任董事長。<ref>{{cite web |author1=Ethan Smith |title=Sony Music Recruits CEO |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703559604576176500047935830.html |publisher=[[華爾街日報]] |accessdate=2021-10-21 |language=en |date=2011-03-03}}</ref>隨著格蘭奇升任集團首席執行官，{{Link-en|麥克斯·霍爾|Max Hole}}在2010年7月1日被任命為環球音樂國際的[[首席運營官]]。<ref>{{cite web |title=Universal Music Group International promotes Max Hole to Chief Operating Officer |url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/section_news/20100315.html |publisher=[[國際唱片業協會]] |accessdate=2021-10-21 |||language=en |date=2010-07-01}}</ref>從2011年開始，環球音樂集團旗下的{{Link-en|新視鏡格芬A&M唱片|Interscope Geffen A&M Records}}開始與《[[美國偶像]]》節目裡的參賽者。2011年1月，環球音樂集團宣布將把1920年代至1940年代的約200,000份母帶錄音捐贈給[[國會圖書館 (美國)|美國國會圖書館]]進行保存。<ref>{{cite web |title=Universal Music Group's vintage recordings head to Library of Congress |url=https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2011/01/universal-music-library-of-congress-bing-crosby-ella-fitzgerald.html |publisher=[[洛杉磯時報]] |accessdate=2021-10-21 |||language=en |date=2011-01-10}}</ref>


2011年，[[EMI]]以12億[[英鎊]]（約19億[[美元]]）向環球音樂集團出售其錄製唱片運營業務，並以22億美元向索尼領導的財團出售其音樂出版業務。<ref>{{cite web |author1=Matthew Campbell |author2=Amy Thomson |author3=Andy Fixmer |title=Citigroup Sells EMI in Parts for $4.1 Billion to Vivendi, Sony |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-12/citigroup-sells-emi-in-parts-for-4-1-billion-to-vivendi-sony.html |website=[[彭博社]] |publisher=[[彭博商業周刊]] |accessdate=2021-10-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112081355/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-12/citigroup-sells-emi-in-parts-for-4-1-billion-to-vivendi-sony.html |archivedate=2011-11-12 |language=en |date=2011-11-12}}</ref>其他與環球音樂集團競購錄製唱片業務的公司還有[[華納音樂集團]]，有報道稱華納音樂為此出價高達20億美元。<ref>{{cite web |title=Warner Music Group Wants Part Of EMI |url=http://www.radio-info.com/news/warner-music-group-wants-emi |publisher=Radio’s Online Community |accessdate=2021-10-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706175309/http://www.radio-info.com/news/warner-music-group-wants-emi |archivedate=2012-07-06 |date=2011-10-31}}</ref>{{Link-en|獨立音樂公司協會|Independent Music Companies Association|獨立音樂出版商與廠牌聯合會}}反對這次收購。<ref>{{cite web |title=IMPALA raises red flag on Universal and Sony bids for EMI |url=http://www.impalamusic.org/docum/04-press/2011/PR%20-%2020111108.htm |publisher={{Link-en|獨立音樂公司協會|Independent Music Companies Association|獨立音樂出版商與廠牌聯合會}} |accessdate=2021-10-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425112050/http://www.impalamusic.org/docum/04-press/2011/PR%20-%2020111108.htm |archivedate=2012-04-25 |language=en |date=2011-11-08}}</ref>2012年3月，[[歐盟]]對此次收購展開調查；<ref>{{cite web |author1=Foo Yun Chee |title=EU opens investigation into Universal, EMI deal |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emi-universal-eu-idUSBRE82M0ZL20120323 |publisher=[[路透社]] |accessdate=2021-10-21 |language=en |date=2012-03-24}}</ref>監管部門詢問競爭對手及消費者團體，以確定該交易是否會導致價格上漲並將競爭對手拒之門外。<ref>{{cite news |title=Regulators probe Universal's EMI bid |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2012/mar/24/universal-emi-antitrust |accessdate=2021-10-21 |work=[[衛報]] |agency=[[路透社]] |date=2012-03-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325191748/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2012/mar/24/universal-emi-antitrust |archivedate=2012-03-25 |language=en}}</ref>
2011年，[[EMI]]以12億[[英鎊]]（約19億[[美元]]）向環球音樂集團出售其錄製唱片運營業務，並以22億美元向索尼領導的財團出售其音樂出版業務。<ref>{{cite web |author1=Matthew Campbell |author2=Amy Thomson |author3=Andy Fixmer |title=Citigroup Sells EMI in Parts for $4.1 Billion to Vivendi, Sony |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-12/citigroup-sells-emi-in-parts-for-4-1-billion-to-vivendi-sony.html |website=[[彭博社]] |publisher=[[彭博商業周刊]] |accessdate=2021-10-21 |||language=en |date=2011-11-12}}</ref>其他與環球音樂集團競購錄製唱片業務的公司還有[[華納音樂集團]]，有報道稱華納音樂為此出價高達20億美元。<ref>{{cite web |title=Warner Music Group Wants Part Of EMI |url=http://www.radio-info.com/news/warner-music-group-wants-emi |publisher=Radio’s Online Community |accessdate=2021-10-21 |||date=2011-10-31}}</ref>{{Link-en|獨立音樂公司協會|Independent Music Companies Association|獨立音樂出版商與廠牌聯合會}}反對這次收購。<ref>{{cite web |title=IMPALA raises red flag on Universal and Sony bids for EMI |url=http://www.impalamusic.org/docum/04-press/2011/PR%20-%2020111108.htm |publisher={{Link-en|獨立音樂公司協會|Independent Music Companies Association|獨立音樂出版商與廠牌聯合會}} |accessdate=2021-10-21 |||language=en |date=2011-11-08}}</ref>2012年3月，[[歐盟]]對此次收購展開調查；<ref>{{cite web |author1=Foo Yun Chee |title=EU opens investigation into Universal, EMI deal |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emi-universal-eu-idUSBRE82M0ZL20120323 |publisher=[[路透社]] |accessdate=2021-10-21 |language=en |date=2012-03-24}}</ref>監管部門詢問競爭對手及消費者團體，以確定該交易是否會導致價格上漲並將競爭對手拒之門外。<ref>{{cite news |title=Regulators probe Universal's EMI bid |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2012/mar/24/universal-emi-antitrust |accessdate=2021-10-21 |work=[[衛報]] |agency=[[路透社]] |date=2012-03-24 |||language=en}}</ref>


2012年9月21日，[[歐洲聯盟委員會]]和[[聯邦貿易委員會]]分別在歐洲和美國批准將EMI出售給環球音樂集團。<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Joshua Wueller |title=Mergers of Majors: Applying the Failing Firm Doctrine in the Recorded Music Industry |journal=Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law |date=2013 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=589-612 |ssrn=2293412 |url=https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/bjcfcl/vol7/iss2/9/ |accessdate=2021-10-21 |language=en}}</ref>但是，歐洲聯盟委員會在批准這次交易的時候附加了條件，那便是要求環球音樂集團在合併後將其三分之一的業務出售給業內其他有良好記錄的公司。為此，環球音樂集團剝離並出售了{{Link-en|靜音唱片|Mute Records}}、[[帕洛風唱片]]、{{Link-en|洛克西唱片|Roxy Recordings}}、{{Link-en|MPS唱片|MPS Records}}、{{Link-en|PIAS合作社|PIAS Cooperative|音樂合作社}}、{{Link-en|NOW這就是我說的音樂！|Now That's What I Call Music!}}、{{Link-en|爵士島唱片|Jazzland Recordings}}、希臘環球唱片（{{lang|en|Universal Greece}}）、{{Link-en|聖域唱片|Sanctuary Records}}、{{Link-en|蝶蛹唱片|Chrysalis Records}}、{{Link-en|EMI經典|EMI Classics}}、{{Link-en|維京經典|Virgin Classics}}及{{Link-en|EMI廠牌列表|List of EMI labels|EMI歐洲地區音樂廠牌}}以期符合該條件。但與此同時，環球音樂集團從分別從[[帕洛風唱片]]和{{Link-en|蝶蛹唱片|Chrysalis Records}}留下了[[披頭士樂隊]]和[[羅比·威廉姆斯]]的音樂目錄並將它們轉移到{{Link-en|卡爾德斯通製作|Calderstone Productions}}和[[小島唱片]]。<ref>{{cite web |author1=Mark Sweney |title=Universal's £1.2bn EMI takeover approved – with conditions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/sep/21/universal-emi-takeover-approved |publisher=[[衛報]] |accessdate=2021-10-21 |language=en |date=2012-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Thomas Drone |title=Universal's Capitol takes shape: Barnett in, Beatles on roster |url=https://www.musicweek.com/news/read/steve-barnett-named-chairman-of-universal-s-capitol-records/052695 |publisher={{Link-en|音樂周刊|Music Week}} |accessdate=2021-10-21 |language=en |date=2012-11-26}}</ref>
2012年9月21日，[[歐洲聯盟委員會]]和[[聯邦貿易委員會]]分別在歐洲和美國批准將EMI出售給環球音樂集團。<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Joshua Wueller |title=Mergers of Majors: Applying the Failing Firm Doctrine in the Recorded Music Industry |journal=Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law |date=2013 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=589-612 |ssrn=2293412 |url=https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/bjcfcl/vol7/iss2/9/ |accessdate=2021-10-21 |language=en}}</ref>但是，歐洲聯盟委員會在批准這次交易的時候附加了條件，那便是要求環球音樂集團在合併後將其三分之一的業務出售給業內其他有良好記錄的公司。為此，環球音樂集團剝離並出售了{{Link-en|靜音唱片|Mute Records}}、[[帕洛風唱片]]、{{Link-en|洛克西唱片|Roxy Recordings}}、{{Link-en|MPS唱片|MPS Records}}、{{Link-en|PIAS合作社|PIAS Cooperative|音樂合作社}}、{{Link-en|NOW這就是我說的音樂！|Now That's What I Call Music!}}、{{Link-en|爵士島唱片|Jazzland Recordings}}、希臘環球唱片（{{lang|en|Universal Greece}}）、{{Link-en|聖域唱片|Sanctuary Records}}、{{Link-en|蝶蛹唱片|Chrysalis Records}}、{{Link-en|EMI經典|EMI Classics}}、{{Link-en|維京經典|Virgin Classics}}及{{Link-en|EMI廠牌列表|List of EMI labels|EMI歐洲地區音樂廠牌}}以期符合該條件。但與此同時，環球音樂集團從分別從[[帕洛風唱片]]和{{Link-en|蝶蛹唱片|Chrysalis Records}}留下了[[披頭士樂隊]]和[[羅比·威廉姆斯]]的音樂目錄並將它們轉移到{{Link-en|卡爾德斯通製作|Calderstone Productions}}和[[小島唱片]]。<ref>{{cite web |author1=Mark Sweney |title=Universal's £1.2bn EMI takeover approved – with conditions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/sep/21/universal-emi-takeover-approved |publisher=[[衛報]] |accessdate=2021-10-21 |language=en |date=2012-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Thomas Drone |title=Universal's Capitol takes shape: Barnett in, Beatles on roster |url=https://www.musicweek.com/news/read/steve-barnett-named-chairman-of-universal-s-capitol-records/052695 |publisher={{Link-en|音樂周刊|Music Week}} |accessdate=2021-10-21 |language=en |date=2012-11-26}}</ref>
取自“https://www.qiuwenbaike.cn/wiki/环球音乐集团”