哈佛大学：修订间差异

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哈佛大學為一所面積遼闊及有高住宿率的綜合型研究大學。<ref name="Carnegie">{{en}}{{Cite web |title=Carnegie Classifications - Harvard University |url=http://classifications.carnegiefoundation.org/lookup_listings/view_institution.php?unit_id=166027 |accessdate=2010-08-08 |publisher=The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching |||}}</ref>早在1929年就已經獲得美國[[新英格蘭學校聯會]]（{{lang|en|NEASC}}）的認可。<ref>{{en}}{{Cite web |title=Roster of Institutions |url=http://cihe.neasc.org/about_our_institutions/roster_of_institutions/ |accessdate=2010-08-28 |publisher=Commission on Institutions of Higher Education, New England Association of Schools and Colleges |||}}</ref>大學現在提供46個[[學士]]主修課程、<ref>{{en}}{{Cite web |title=Fields of Concentration |url=http://www.handbook.fas.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup106995 |accessdate=2010-08-28 |work=Handbook for Students |publisher=Harvard College |||}}</ref>134個[[研究生]]課程<ref>{{en}}{{Cite web |title=Degree Programs |url=http://www.gsas.harvard.edu/images/stories/pdfs/handbook.pdf |accessdate=2010-08-28 |work=Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Handbook |pages=28–30 |||}}</ref>及32個專業課程（醫、[[法律學|法]]等）。<ref name="Degrees" />在2008-2009年期間，哈佛共頒發了1664個[[學士]]學位、400個[[碩士]]學位、512個[[博士]]學位及4460個專業學位。<ref name="Degrees">{{en}}{{Cite web |title=Degrees Conferred by Program: Academic Year 2008–2009 |url=http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_FB2009_10_Sec02_Completions.pdf |accessdate=2010-08-28 |publisher=Institutional Research, Office of the Provost, Harvard University |||}}</ref>
哈佛大學為一所面積遼闊及有高住宿率的綜合型研究大學。<ref name="Carnegie">{{en}}{{Cite web |title=Carnegie Classifications - Harvard University |url=http://classifications.carnegiefoundation.org/lookup_listings/view_institution.php?unit_id=166027 |accessdate=2010-08-08 |publisher=The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching |||}}</ref>早在1929年就已經獲得美國[[新英格蘭學校聯會]]（{{lang|en|NEASC}}）的認可。<ref>{{en}}{{Cite web |title=Roster of Institutions |url=http://cihe.neasc.org/about_our_institutions/roster_of_institutions/ |accessdate=2010-08-28 |publisher=Commission on Institutions of Higher Education, New England Association of Schools and Colleges |||}}</ref>大學現在提供46個[[學士]]主修課程、<ref>{{en}}{{Cite web |title=Fields of Concentration |url=http://www.handbook.fas.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup106995 |accessdate=2010-08-28 |work=Handbook for Students |publisher=Harvard College |||}}</ref>134個[[研究生]]課程<ref>{{en}}{{Cite web |title=Degree Programs |url=http://www.gsas.harvard.edu/images/stories/pdfs/handbook.pdf |accessdate=2010-08-28 |work=Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Handbook |pages=28–30 |||}}</ref>及32個專業課程（醫、[[法律學|法]]等）。<ref name="Degrees" />在2008-2009年期間，哈佛共頒發了1664個[[學士]]學位、400個[[碩士]]學位、512個[[博士]]學位及4460個專業學位。<ref name="Degrees">{{en}}{{Cite web |title=Degrees Conferred by Program: Academic Year 2008–2009 |url=http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_FB2009_10_Sec02_Completions.pdf |accessdate=2010-08-28 |publisher=Institutional Research, Office of the Provost, Harvard University |||}}</ref>


學士的入學申請人數其實只佔了整體的很少一部分，學士課程主要為藝術及理學範疇（美國不少專業課程只供學士畢業生修讀）。在1978-2008年期間，所有學士生需完成七門主修以外的課程，<ref>{{en}}{{Cite web |title=Academic Information: The Core Curricilum Requirement |url=http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343094 |accessdate=2010-08-28 |work=Handbook for Students |publisher=Harvard College |||}}</ref>作為核心課程的一部分；之後課程有變動，在2008年之後，所有學士生除了主修課程，還需完成八類的大學[[通識教育]]課程，它們分別是：美學與理解、文化與信仰、數學與簡化解釋、道德理解、生命科學、物理科學、世界與社會及美國與世界。<ref>{{en}}{{Cite web |title=Academic Information: Program in General Education Requirement |url=http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343093 |accessdate=2010-08-28 |work=Handbook for Students |publisher=Harvard College |||}}</ref>另一方面，哈佛的研究生課程則非常多元化，並與其學士生課程有很大的關聯。不過，有某一部分的學生及教育組織批評哈佛的學士生課程過於依賴[[助教]]，指這樣會影響教育質素。<ref>{{en}}{{Cite news |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9803E5D71130F933A1575AC0A9649C8B63 |title=Should Our Colleges Be Ranked? |last=Hicks |first=D. L. |date=2002-09-20 |work=The New York Times ||access-date=2013-05-17 ||}}</ref><ref>{{en}}{{Cite web |title=Grade Inflation: It's Not Just an Issue for the Ivy League |url=http://www.carnegiefoundation.org/perspectives/perspectives2004.June.htm |last=Merrow |first=J. |year=2004 |work=Carnegie Perspectives |publisher=The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching ||access-date=2013-05-17 ||}}</ref>
學士的入學申請人數其實只佔了整體的很少一部分，學士課程主要為藝術及理學範疇（美國不少專業課程只供學士畢業生修讀）。在1978-2008年期間，所有學士生需完成七門主修以外的課程，<ref>{{en}}{{Cite web |title=Academic Information: The Core Curricilum Requirement |url=http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343094 |accessdate=2010-08-28 |work=Handbook for Students |publisher=Harvard College |||}}</ref>作為核心課程的一部分；之後課程有變動，在2008年之後，所有學士生除了主修課程，還需完成八類的大學[[通識教育]]課程，它們分別是：美學與理解、文化與信仰、數學與簡化解釋、道德理解、生命科學、物理科學、世界與社會及美國與世界。<ref>{{en}}{{Cite web |title=Academic Information: Program in General Education Requirement |url=http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343093 |accessdate=2010-08-28 |work=Handbook for Students |publisher=Harvard College |||}}</ref>另一方面，哈佛的研究生課程則非常多元化，並與其學士生課程有很大的關聯。不過，有某一部分的學生及教育組織批評哈佛的學士生課程過於依賴[[助教]]，指這樣會影響教育質素。<!-- removed_ref site196 by WaitSpring-bot (template) --><ref>{{en}}{{Cite web |title=Grade Inflation: It's Not Just an Issue for the Ivy League |url=http://www.carnegiefoundation.org/perspectives/perspectives2004.June.htm |last=Merrow |first=J. |year=2004 |work=Carnegie Perspectives |publisher=The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching ||access-date=2013-05-17 ||}}</ref>


哈佛採用[[學期|學期制]]教學，每個學年從九月初開始直到五月中旬，分上下兩個學期。<ref>{{en}}{{Cite web |title=Handbook for students--Academic Calendar |url=http://handbook.fas.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k88702&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup147399 |accessdate=2013-06-15 |publisher=Harvard University}}{{dead link|date=2017年12月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>學士生在每個學期/半學年裡需完成四門指定科目，並須保持這個報讀率以維持作為全職學士生的資格。<ref>{{en}}{{Cite web |title=Academic Information: Rate of Work |url=http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343175 |accessdate=2010-08-28 |work=Handbook for Students |publisher=Harvard College |||}}</ref>每個主修科目均提供基礎課程及高級課程供學生選擇。<ref>{{en}}{{Cite web |title=Academic Information: The Concentration Requirement |url=http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343095 |accessdate=2010-08-28 |work=Handbook for Students |publisher=Harvard College |||}}</ref>以排名首4-5%成績畢業的學生會獲賦予最高榮譽「{{lang|en|summa cum laude}}」學位證明，剩下的前15%的學生獲「{{lang|en|magna cum laude}}」的頭銜，其餘的30%則為「{{lang|en|cum laude}}」。<ref>{{en}}{{Cite web |title=Academic Information: Requirements for Honors Degrees |url=http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343182 |accessdate=2010-08-28 |work=Handbook for Students |publisher=Harvard College |||}}</ref>大學不同學科部均有不同的獎學金及獎項頒發。<ref>{{en}}{{Cite web |title=FINANCIAL AID OFFICE |url=http://www.fao.fas.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do |accessdate=2013-06-14 |publisher=Harvard University ||quote=...has provided assistance to students who need help in meeting their education expenses for over 350 years, enabling us to seek out the most outstanding scholars in the world ||}}</ref>惟近年哈佛及很多其他的美國大學被批評出現「等級通脹」的情況，很多獎學金及榮譽的要求不斷上升，<ref>{{en}}{{Cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/magazine/articles/2008/10/05/doesnt_anybody_get_a_c_anymore/ |title=Doesn't Anybody Get a C Anymore? |last=Primack |first=Phil |date=2008-10-05 |newspaper=The Boston Globe ||access-date=2013-05-17 ||}}</ref>例如：哈佛學院獲得[[拉丁文學位榮譽]]的學生人數從2004年的90%，下降至2005年的60%。<ref>{{en}}{{Cite web |title=Brevia |url=http://harvardmagazine.com/2003/01/brevia.html |accessdate=2013-12-15 |date=January–February 2003 |year=2003 |publisher=Harvard Magazine |||}}</ref><ref>{{en}}{{Cite web |title=Grade Inflation is Real |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/fmarchives/fm_03_01_2001/article4A.html |accessdate=2013-12-15 |author=Milzoff, R. M., Paley, A. R., & Reed, B. J. |date=2001-03-01 |year=2001 |publisher=Fifteen Minutes |||}}</ref><ref>{{en}}{{Cite book |title=At Harvard, more concern for top grades. |last=Bombardieri, M. & Schweitzer, S. |publisher=The Boston Globe |year=February 12, 2006 |quote=Benedict Gross quotes, 23.7% A/25% A- figures, characterized as an "all-time high."}}</ref><ref>{{en}}{{Cite web |title=Princeton becomes first to formally combat grade inflation |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/education/2004-04-26-princeton-grades_x.htm |accessdate=2013-12-15 |author=USA Today |date=2004-04-26 |publisher=Associated Press. |||}}</ref>不過，也有報告指出，學生們的學習動力及拼搏精神卻因此得以提升。<ref>{{en}}{{Cite news |url=http://www.alfiekohn.org/teaching/gi.htm |title=The Dangerous Myth of Grade Inflation |last=Kohn |first=A |date=2002-11-08 |newspaper=The Chronicle of Higher Education ||||accessdate=2013-05-17 }}</ref>
哈佛採用[[學期|學期制]]教學，每個學年從九月初開始直到五月中旬，分上下兩個學期。<ref>{{en}}{{Cite web |title=Handbook for students--Academic Calendar |url=http://handbook.fas.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k88702&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup147399 |accessdate=2013-06-15 |publisher=Harvard University}}{{dead link|date=2017年12月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>學士生在每個學期/半學年裡需完成四門指定科目，並須保持這個報讀率以維持作為全職學士生的資格。<ref>{{en}}{{Cite web |title=Academic Information: Rate of Work |url=http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343175 |accessdate=2010-08-28 |work=Handbook for Students |publisher=Harvard College |||}}</ref>每個主修科目均提供基礎課程及高級課程供學生選擇。<ref>{{en}}{{Cite web |title=Academic Information: The Concentration Requirement |url=http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343095 |accessdate=2010-08-28 |work=Handbook for Students |publisher=Harvard College |||}}</ref>以排名首4-5%成績畢業的學生會獲賦予最高榮譽「{{lang|en|summa cum laude}}」學位證明，剩下的前15%的學生獲「{{lang|en|magna cum laude}}」的頭銜，其餘的30%則為「{{lang|en|cum laude}}」。<ref>{{en}}{{Cite web |title=Academic Information: Requirements for Honors Degrees |url=http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343182 |accessdate=2010-08-28 |work=Handbook for Students |publisher=Harvard College |||}}</ref>大學不同學科部均有不同的獎學金及獎項頒發。<ref>{{en}}{{Cite web |title=FINANCIAL AID OFFICE |url=http://www.fao.fas.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do |accessdate=2013-06-14 |publisher=Harvard University ||quote=...has provided assistance to students who need help in meeting their education expenses for over 350 years, enabling us to seek out the most outstanding scholars in the world ||}}</ref>惟近年哈佛及很多其他的美國大學被批評出現「等級通脹」的情況，很多獎學金及榮譽的要求不斷上升，<ref>{{en}}{{Cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/magazine/articles/2008/10/05/doesnt_anybody_get_a_c_anymore/ |title=Doesn't Anybody Get a C Anymore? |last=Primack |first=Phil |date=2008-10-05 |newspaper=The Boston Globe ||access-date=2013-05-17 ||}}</ref>例如：哈佛學院獲得[[拉丁文學位榮譽]]的學生人數從2004年的90%，下降至2005年的60%。<ref>{{en}}{{Cite web |title=Brevia |url=http://harvardmagazine.com/2003/01/brevia.html |accessdate=2013-12-15 |date=January–February 2003 |year=2003 |publisher=Harvard Magazine |||}}</ref><ref>{{en}}{{Cite web |title=Grade Inflation is Real |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/fmarchives/fm_03_01_2001/article4A.html |accessdate=2013-12-15 |author=Milzoff, R. M., Paley, A. R., & Reed, B. J. |date=2001-03-01 |year=2001 |publisher=Fifteen Minutes |||}}</ref><ref>{{en}}{{Cite book |title=At Harvard, more concern for top grades. |last=Bombardieri, M. & Schweitzer, S. |publisher=The Boston Globe |year=February 12, 2006 |quote=Benedict Gross quotes, 23.7% A/25% A- figures, characterized as an "all-time high."}}</ref><ref>{{en}}{{Cite web |title=Princeton becomes first to formally combat grade inflation |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/education/2004-04-26-princeton-grades_x.htm |accessdate=2013-12-15 |author=USA Today |date=2004-04-26 |publisher=Associated Press. |||}}</ref>不過，也有報告指出，學生們的學習動力及拼搏精神卻因此得以提升。<ref>{{en}}{{Cite news |url=http://www.alfiekohn.org/teaching/gi.htm |title=The Dangerous Myth of Grade Inflation |last=Kohn |first=A |date=2002-11-08 |newspaper=The Chronicle of Higher Education ||||accessdate=2013-05-17 }}</ref>


2009-2010年的哈佛學士學費為33696美元，若加上住宿等生活雜費的話則為48868美元。<ref name="Tuition">{{en}}{{Cite web |title=Tuition at Harvard Schools: FY1990 – FY2010 |url=http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_FB2009_10_Sec03_Tuition.pdf |accessdate=2010-08-28 |publisher=Harvard University |||}}</ref>2007年起哈佛實行財政援助計劃：所有家庭年收入低於六萬美元的學生一律免學費及住宿費，收入介乎六萬-八萬美元的則每年只需繳付數千元的學費。哈佛還宣布，收入在十二萬-十八萬美元的，學費為其家庭每年收入的10%。<ref name="free">{{en}}{{Cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/10/education/10cnd-harvard.html |title=Harvard Steps Up Financial Aid |first=Sara |date=2007-12-10 |last2=Finder |first2=Alan |newspaper=The New York Times ||last1=Rimer |access-date=2013-05-17 ||}}</ref>2009年，哈佛授予了總計4.141億美元的獎學金。<ref name="Tuition" />
2009-2010年的哈佛學士學費為33696美元，若加上住宿等生活雜費的話則為48868美元。<ref name="Tuition">{{en}}{{Cite web |title=Tuition at Harvard Schools: FY1990 – FY2010 |url=http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_FB2009_10_Sec03_Tuition.pdf |accessdate=2010-08-28 |publisher=Harvard University |||}}</ref>2007年起哈佛實行財政援助計劃：所有家庭年收入低於六萬美元的學生一律免學費及住宿費，收入介乎六萬-八萬美元的則每年只需繳付數千元的學費。哈佛還宣布，收入在十二萬-十八萬美元的，學費為其家庭每年收入的10%。<!-- removed_ref site196 by WaitSpring-bot (template) -->2009年，哈佛授予了總計4.141億美元的獎學金。<ref name="Tuition" />


=== 圖書館及博物館 ===
=== 圖書館及博物館 ===
取自“https://www.qiuwenbaike.cn/wiki/哈佛大学”