優生學：修订间差异

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（我来啦, replaced: 東 → 东, 員 → 员 (6), 內 → 内 (3), 貴 → 贵 (2), 連結 → 链接, 參考文獻 → 参考文献, 結婚 → 结婚 (2), 國 → 国 (36), 婦 → 妇 (6), 畢業 → 毕业, 開 → 开 (4), 學 → 学 (63), 慶 → 庆, 參 → 参, 會 → 会 (20), 長 → 长 (3), 經濟 → 经济, 與 → 与 (13), 黨 → 党 (2), 間 → 间 (2), 處 → 处 (6), 勞動 → 劳动, 務 → 务 (2), 團 → 团, 導 → 导 (6), 語 → 语 (6), 風 → 风, 賣 → 卖, 愛 → 爱, 縣 → 县, 權 → 权 (4), 主義 → 主义 (10), 無 → 无 (4), 盡 → 尽, 構 → 构 (3), 興 → 兴 (2), 關 → 关 (6), 監 → 监 (3), 將 → 将 (4), 領 → 领, 張 → 张 (3), 養 → 养 (7), 調 → 调, 馬 → 马, 應 → 应 (7), 嚴 → 严 (6), 魯 → 鲁, 習 → 习, 賓 → 宾, 見…）
小 （机器人：清理不当的来源、移除无用的模板参数）
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日本在同时期也有对病患者施行绝育的案例，例如于1915年设立的东京全生病院，在院长光田健辅的指示下，开始对男性[[麻风病]]患者施行绝育手术，随后也普及到其他疗养所。女性患者若发现怀孕，就会强制墮胎。然而这样的措施沒有明确的医学根据，只因为麻风病本身具有感染性，基于麻风病缺乏免疫力的貧弱体质有可能遺传給下一代，或者有可能藉由男性精子传染女性，透过女性胎盘感染胎儿的假说，便防止患者生育。日本在1931年公布的《癞預防法》要求隔离全部的癞患者，患者除了遭隔离，还被断种，或者课以强制劳动，如果抵抗，疗养所长可逕行判断是否加以监禁。1930年代后半，日本展开“无癞县运动”，搜出逃脫隔离躲回自家的患者，将他们送回疗养所。为此还动员了地方政府、宗教团体，甚至各地方居民。住在自家的患者受到警察监视。1900年，国家以内务省令公告了《娼妓取締规则》，日本社会当时认为娼妓的存在是身为“文明国”的恥辱，是性病蔓延的源头，也是造成国民体能低落的元兇，当时娼妓在日本都面临监禁及绝育处理。
日本在同时期也有对病患者施行绝育的案例，例如于1915年设立的东京全生病院，在院长光田健辅的指示下，开始对男性[[麻风病]]患者施行绝育手术，随后也普及到其他疗养所。女性患者若发现怀孕，就会强制墮胎。然而这样的措施沒有明确的医学根据，只因为麻风病本身具有感染性，基于麻风病缺乏免疫力的貧弱体质有可能遺传給下一代，或者有可能藉由男性精子传染女性，透过女性胎盘感染胎儿的假说，便防止患者生育。日本在1931年公布的《癞預防法》要求隔离全部的癞患者，患者除了遭隔离，还被断种，或者课以强制劳动，如果抵抗，疗养所长可逕行判断是否加以监禁。1930年代后半，日本展开“无癞县运动”，搜出逃脫隔离躲回自家的患者，将他们送回疗养所。为此还动员了地方政府、宗教团体，甚至各地方居民。住在自家的患者受到警察监视。1900年，国家以内务省令公告了《娼妓取締规则》，日本社会当时认为娼妓的存在是身为“文明国”的恥辱，是性病蔓延的源头，也是造成国民体能低落的元兇，当时娼妓在日本都面临监禁及绝育处理。


优生学在纳粹德国也得到全面的推展，纳粹积极推动优生政策，以经济理由将不具生产力的人口以各种方法处理掉，以阻止他们繁衍后代，并要求每个国民都必须保持强健的体魄。纳粹希望通过此举，实现其创造一个[[优等民族]]（{{lang-de|Herrenrasse}}）的梦想，这样的优秀种族是不容有病弱者的。早期德国国会便通过了对各种遺传病病患以及严重酗酒者进行外科手术绝育的法案。1933年7月14日，纳粹党在德国推行《防止具有遺传性疾病后代法》，将数十万名有遺传性疾病的人强制绝育。该法詳細列出要针对的一系列遺传性病患，其中有先天性智障、遺传性癲癇、精神分裂症、遺传性失明或耳聾、严重遺传性身体畸形，还有酗酒。同年十一月在另一项法律中又强调对“伤风败俗者”的处理，规定要对罪犯、妓女、妨害治安者强制绝育。至第二次世界大战期间[[纳粹党]]就利用优生学学说屠杀德国殘疾人口。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.his.ncku.edu.tw/chinese/uploadeds/J10.pdf |title=伍碧雯 &#91;&#91;成功大学&#93;&#93;历史系 纳粹政权对于“无生存价值”德国人的处置 |accessdate=2017-06-11 |archive-date=2020-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218074536/http://www.his.ncku.edu.tw/chinese/uploadeds/J10.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>
优生学在纳粹德国也得到全面的推展，纳粹积极推动优生政策，以经济理由将不具生产力的人口以各种方法处理掉，以阻止他们繁衍后代，并要求每个国民都必须保持强健的体魄。纳粹希望通过此举，实现其创造一个[[优等民族]]（{{lang-de|Herrenrasse}}）的梦想，这样的优秀种族是不容有病弱者的。早期德国国会便通过了对各种遺传病病患以及严重酗酒者进行外科手术绝育的法案。1933年7月14日，纳粹党在德国推行《防止具有遺传性疾病后代法》，将数十万名有遺传性疾病的人强制绝育。该法詳細列出要针对的一系列遺传性病患，其中有先天性智障、遺传性癲癇、精神分裂症、遺传性失明或耳聾、严重遺传性身体畸形，还有酗酒。同年十一月在另一项法律中又强调对“伤风败俗者”的处理，规定要对罪犯、妓女、妨害治安者强制绝育。至第二次世界大战期间[[纳粹党]]就利用优生学学说屠杀德国殘疾人口。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.his.ncku.edu.tw/chinese/uploadeds/J10.pdf |title=伍碧雯 &#91;&#91;成功大学&#93;&#93;历史系 纳粹政权对于“无生存价值”德国人的处置 |accessdate=2017-06-11 |||}}</ref>


1983年8月14日的新加坡国庆日，时任[[新加坡]]总理[[李光耀]]在发表了一篇讲话，指出：“新加坡的男性大学毕业生若要他们的下一代像他们一样有所作为，就不应该愚昧地坚持选择教育程度和天资较低的女性为妻。”这次讲话引起了很大反响。后来，人们称那次讲话为李光耀的“婚嫁大辩论”。当时新加坡教育程度越高的众妇女，孩子越少﹔教育程度低的反而越多孩子。40岁以下沒有接受过教育的众妇女，每人平均生育大约众孩子三个，小学教育程度的众妇女平均生育大约众孩子两个，中学和高中程度的众妇女平均大约生育众孩子一又三分之一个，大学程度的众妇女大约生育众孩子一又四分之一个。因此断定新加坡当时正处于逆淘汰。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://magazine.caijing.com.cn/20131027/2910162.shtml |title=吕元礼 &#91;&#91;深圳大学&#93;&#93;新加坡研究中心 ''重温李光耀“优生学”'' 《财经》杂志 |accessdate=2017-06-13 |archive-date=2019-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513014515/http://magazine.caijing.com.cn/20131027/2910162.shtml |dead-url=no }}</ref>
1983年8月14日的新加坡国庆日，时任[[新加坡]]总理[[李光耀]]在发表了一篇讲话，指出：“新加坡的男性大学毕业生若要他们的下一代像他们一样有所作为，就不应该愚昧地坚持选择教育程度和天资较低的女性为妻。”这次讲话引起了很大反响。后来，人们称那次讲话为李光耀的“婚嫁大辩论”。当时新加坡教育程度越高的众妇女，孩子越少﹔教育程度低的反而越多孩子。40岁以下沒有接受过教育的众妇女，每人平均生育大约众孩子三个，小学教育程度的众妇女平均生育大约众孩子两个，中学和高中程度的众妇女平均大约生育众孩子一又三分之一个，大学程度的众妇女大约生育众孩子一又四分之一个。因此断定新加坡当时正处于逆淘汰。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://magazine.caijing.com.cn/20131027/2910162.shtml |title=吕元礼 &#91;&#91;深圳大学&#93;&#93;新加坡研究中心 ''重温李光耀“优生学”'' 《财经》杂志 |accessdate=2017-06-13 |||}}</ref>


现代随着医学技术的进步，已经可以通过[[胚胎植入前遗传筛选]]，藉著对人类卵子进行基因工程，以人工方式选取婴儿的基因构成，不再因循于以往单单通过婚配去培养优秀后代，以往的优生政策无法避免地要一再经过科学审视。2015年4月，中国生物学家宣称首度进行胚胎基因改造实验。
现代随着医学技术的进步，已经可以通过[[胚胎植入前遗传筛选]]，藉著对人类卵子进行基因工程，以人工方式选取婴儿的基因构成，不再因循于以往单单通过婚配去培养优秀后代，以往的优生政策无法避免地要一再经过科学审视。2015年4月，中国生物学家宣称首度进行胚胎基因改造实验。


在2016年1月，英国人类受精及胚胎学管理局下令，准许基因改造人类胚胎的科学研究。英国国会通过有关決议，允许科学家改造人类基因以防止遺传病。目前英国是全球第一个允许改造人类胚胎基因的国家。<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.crick.ac.uk/news/2016-02-01-hfea-decision |title=''Crick'' <HFEA approval for new genome editing techniques> |accessdate=2019-03-13 |archive-date=2020-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129232417/https://www.crick.ac.uk/news/2016-02-01-hfea-decision |dead-url=no }}</ref>
在2016年1月，英国人类受精及胚胎学管理局下令，准许基因改造人类胚胎的科学研究。英国国会通过有关決议，允许科学家改造人类基因以防止遺传病。目前英国是全球第一个允许改造人类胚胎基因的国家。<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.crick.ac.uk/news/2016-02-01-hfea-decision |title=''Crick'' <HFEA approval for new genome editing techniques> |accessdate=2019-03-13 |||}}</ref>


== 目标 ==
== 目标 ==
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* {{cite book |last1=Agar |first1=Nicholas |date=2004 |title=Liberal Eugenics: In Defense of Human Enhancement |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |url=}}
* {{cite book |last1=Agar |first1=Nicholas |date=2004 |title=Liberal Eugenics: In Defense of Human Enhancement |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |url=}}
* {{cite journal | last = Agar | first = Nicholas | title = Why we Should Defend Gene Editing as Eugenics | date = 2019 | journal = Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics | volume = 34 | issue = 1 | pages = 9–19 | doi = 10.1017/S0963180118000336 | pmid = 30570459 | url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/why-we-should-defend-gene-editing-as-eugenics/00B15AEB625379F8543C43E286160B87 | url-access = subscription | access-date = 2020-12-02 | archive-date = 2020-11-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201107232437/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/why-we-should-defend-gene-editing-as-eugenics/00B15AEB625379F8543C43E286160B87 | dead-url = no }}
* {{cite journal | last = Agar | first = Nicholas | title = Why we Should Defend Gene Editing as Eugenics | date = 2019 | journal = Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics | volume = 34 | issue = 1 | pages = 9–19 | doi = 10.1017/S0963180118000336 | pmid = 30570459 | url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-quarterly-of-healthcare-ethics/article/why-we-should-defend-gene-editing-as-eugenics/00B15AEB625379F8543C43E286160B87 | url-access = subscription | access-date = 2020-12-02 | | | }}
* {{cite book |last=Black |first=Edwin |author-link=Edwin Black |title=War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race |publisher=Four Walls Eight Windows |date=2003 |isbn=978-1-56858-258-0 |ref=harv |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781568582580 }}
* {{cite book |last=Black |first=Edwin ||title=War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race |publisher=Four Walls Eight Windows |date=2003 |isbn=978-1-56858-258-0 |ref=harv |}}
* {{cite book |last1=Buchanan |first1=Allen |date=2017 |title=Better than Human: The Promise and Perils of Deliberate Biomedical Enhancement |publisher=Oxford University Press |url= |isbn=978-0190664046 |series=Philosophy in Action }}
* {{cite book |last1=Buchanan |first1=Allen |date=2017 |title=Better than Human: The Promise and Perils of Deliberate Biomedical Enhancement |publisher=Oxford University Press |url= |isbn=978-0190664046 |series=Philosophy in Action }}
* {{cite journal |last=Cavaliere |first=Giulia |date=2018 |title=Looking into the Shadow: Eugenics arguments in debates about reproductive technologies |volume=36 |issue=1–4 |pages=1–22 |journal=Monash Bioethics Review |doi=10.1007/s40592-018-0086-x |pmid=30535862 |pmc=6336759 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Cavaliere |first=Giulia |date=2018 |title=Looking into the Shadow: Eugenics arguments in debates about reproductive technologies |volume=36 |issue=1–4 |pages=1–22 |journal=Monash Bioethics Review |doi=10.1007/s40592-018-0086-x |pmid=30535862 |pmc=6336759 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Savulescu |first1=Julian |last2=Kahane |first2=Guy |date=2009 |title=The Moral Obligation to Have Children with the Best Chance of the Best Life |publisher=Bioethics |url=http://faculty.smu.edu/jkazez/PAP/savulescu-kahane.pdf |access-date=2020-12-02 |archive-date=2020-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108155236/http://faculty.smu.edu/jkazez/pap/savulescu-kahane.pdf |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite book |last1=Savulescu |first1=Julian |last2=Kahane |first2=Guy |date=2009 |title=The Moral Obligation to Have Children with the Best Chance of the Best Life |publisher=Bioethics |url=http://faculty.smu.edu/jkazez/PAP/savulescu-kahane.pdf |access-date=2020-12-02 |||}}
* {{cite book |last=Shaw |first=David |date=2006 |title=Genetic Morality |location=Bern|publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-3-03911-149-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Shaw |first=David |date=2006 |title=Genetic Morality |location=Bern|publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-3-03911-149-7}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sparrow |first=Robert |s2cid=959092 |date=2014 |title=In Vitro Eugenics |volume=40 |issue=11 |pages=725–731 |journal=Journal of Medical Ethics |pmid=23557913 |doi=10.1136/medethics-2012-101200}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sparrow |first=Robert |s2cid=959092 |date=2014 |title=In Vitro Eugenics |volume=40 |issue=11 |pages=725–731 |journal=Journal of Medical Ethics |pmid=23557913 |doi=10.1136/medethics-2012-101200}}
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=== 优生学历史（学术报告） ===
=== 优生学历史（学术报告） ===
* {{cite book |last=Carlson |first=Elof Axel |title=The Unfit: A History of a Bad Idea |publisher=Cold Spring Harbor Press |location=Cold Spring Harbor, NY|date=2001 |isbn=978-0-87969-587-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Carlson |first=Elof Axel |title=The Unfit: A History of a Bad Idea |publisher=Cold Spring Harbor Press |location=Cold Spring Harbor, NY|date=2001 |isbn=978-0-87969-587-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Engs |first=Ruth C. |author-link=Ruth C. Engs |title=The Eugenics Movement: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |location=Westport, CN|date=2005 |isbn=978-0-313-32791-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Engs |first=Ruth C. ||title=The Eugenics Movement: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |location=Westport, CN|date=2005 |isbn=978-0-313-32791-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Farrall |first=Lyndsay |title=The Origins and Growth of the English eugenics movement, 1865–1925 |date=1985 |publisher=Garland Pub |isbn=978-0-8240-5810-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Farrall |first=Lyndsay |title=The Origins and Growth of the English eugenics movement, 1865–1925 |date=1985 |publisher=Garland Pub |isbn=978-0-8240-5810-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Kevles |first=Daniel J. |author-link=Daniel Kevles |title=In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity |url= https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8esnhRxBomMC |date=1985 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05763-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Kevles |first=Daniel J. ||title=In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity ||date=1985 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05763-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Largent |first=Mark |title=Breeding Contempt: The History of Coerced Sterilization in the United States |publisher=Rutgers University Press |location=New Brunswick |date=2008 |isbn=978-0-8135-4183-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Largent |first=Mark |title=Breeding Contempt: The History of Coerced Sterilization in the United States |publisher=Rutgers University Press |location=New Brunswick |date=2008 |isbn=978-0-8135-4183-9}}
* Leon, Sharon M. (2013). ''An Image of God: The Catholic Struggle with Eugenics.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
* Leon, Sharon M. (2013). ''An Image of God: The Catholic Struggle with Eugenics.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
* {{cite book |last=Paul |first=Diane |title=Darwin, Social Darwinism, and Eugenics |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2006 |url=https://www.dianebpaul.com/uploads/2/3/2/9/23295024/darwin_social_darwinism_and_eugenics.pdf |access-date=2020-12-02 |archive-date=2020-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920140104/http://www.dianebpaul.com/uploads/2/3/2/9/23295024/darwin_social_darwinism_and_eugenics.pdf |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite book |last=Paul |first=Diane |title=Darwin, Social Darwinism, and Eugenics |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2006 |url=https://www.dianebpaul.com/uploads/2/3/2/9/23295024/darwin_social_darwinism_and_eugenics.pdf |access-date=2020-12-02 |||}}
* {{cite book |last=Redman |first=Samuel J. |title=Bone Rooms: From Scientific Racism to Human Prehistory in Museums |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge |date=2016 |isbn=978-0674660410}}
* {{cite book |last=Redman |first=Samuel J. |title=Bone Rooms: From Scientific Racism to Human Prehistory in Museums |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge |date=2016 |isbn=978-0674660410}}
* Stepan, Nancy Leys (1991). ''"The Hour of Eugenics": Race, Gender, and Nation in Latin America''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
* Stepan, Nancy Leys (1991). ''"The Hour of Eugenics": Race, Gender, and Nation in Latin America''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
* {{cite web |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |title=Deadly Medicine: Creating the Master Race |date=2004 |url=http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/deadlymedicine |work=USHMM.org |url-status= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904043526/http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/deadlymedicine/ |archivedate=2013-09-04 |accessdate=2020-12-02 |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite web |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |title=Deadly Medicine: Creating the Master Race |date=2004 |url=http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/deadlymedicine |work=USHMM.org ||||accessdate=2020-12-02 |}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wyndham |first=Diana |title=Eugenics in Australia: Striving for national fitness |date=2003 |publisher=Galton Institute |location=London |isbn=978-0-9504066-7-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wyndham |first=Diana |title=Eugenics in Australia: Striving for national fitness |date=2003 |publisher=Galton Institute |location=London |isbn=978-0-9504066-7-1}}


=== 继承思想历史 ===
=== 继承思想历史 ===
* {{cite book |first=Elazar |last=Barkan |title=The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States Between the World Wars |url=https://archive.org/details/retreatofscienti0000bark |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |date=1992 |isbn= |pages=}}
* {{cite book |first=Elazar |last=Barkan |title=The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States Between the World Wars ||publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |date=1992 |isbn= |pages=}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ewen |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Ewen |first2=Stuart |title=Typecasting: On the Arts and Sciences of Human Inequality |date=2006 |publisher=Seven Stories Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-58322-735-0 |edition=1st |url=https://archive.org/details/typecastingonart00eliz }}
* {{cite book |last1=Ewen |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Ewen |first2=Stuart |title=Typecasting: On the Arts and Sciences of Human Inequality |date=2006 |publisher=Seven Stories Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-58322-735-0 |edition=1st |}}
* {{cite book |last=Gould |first=Stephen Jay |author-link=Stephen Jay Gould |title=The Mismeasure of Man |url=https://archive.org/details/mismeasureofman00goul |url-access=registration |https://archive.org/details/mismeasureofman00goulrich |publisher=Norton |location=New York |date=1981 |isbn=978-0-393-01489-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Gould |first=Stephen Jay ||title=The Mismeasure of Man ||url-access=registration |https://archive.org/details/mismeasureofman00goulrich |publisher=Norton |location=New York |date=1981 |isbn=978-0-393-01489-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Gillette |first=Aaron |title=The Nature–Nurture Debate in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-230-10845-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Gillette |first=Aaron |title=The Nature–Nurture Debate in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-230-10845-5}}


=== 优生学批评 ===
=== 优生学批评 ===
* {{cite book |last=Blom |first=Philipp |author-link=Philipp Blom |title=The Vertigo Years: Change and Culture in the West, 1900–1914 |date=2008 |publisher=McClelland & Stewart |location=Toronto |isbn=978-0-7710-1630-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/vertigoyearschan0000blom/page/335 335–336] |ref=harv |url=https://archive.org/details/vertigoyearschan0000blom/page/335 }}
* {{cite book |last=Blom |first=Philipp ||title=The Vertigo Years: Change and Culture in the West, 1900–1914 |date=2008 |publisher=McClelland & Stewart |location=Toronto |isbn=978-0-7710-1630-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/vertigoyearschan0000blom/page/335 335–336] |ref=harv |}}
* {{cite book |last=Galton |first=David |title=Eugenics: The Future of Human Life in the 21st Century |date=2002 |publisher=Abacus |location=London |isbn=978-0-349-11377-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Galton |first=David |title=Eugenics: The Future of Human Life in the 21st Century |date=2002 |publisher=Abacus |location=London |isbn=978-0-349-11377-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Goldberg |first=Jonah |title=Liberal Fascism: The Secret History of the American Left, from Mussolini to the Politics of Meaning |date=2007 |publisher=Doubleday |location=New York |isbn=978-0-385-51184-1 |edition=1st |url=https://archive.org/details/liberalfascismse00gold }}
* {{cite book |last=Goldberg |first=Jonah |title=Liberal Fascism: The Secret History of the American Left, from Mussolini to the Politics of Meaning |date=2007 |publisher=Doubleday |location=New York |isbn=978-0-385-51184-1 |edition=1st |}}
* {{cite book |last=Joseph |first=Jay |date=2004 |url=http://www.jayjoseph.net/GeneIllusion.html |title=The Gene Illusion: Genetic Research in Psychiatry and Psychology Under the Microscope |location=New York |publisher=Algora |isbn=978-0-87586-343-6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512075255/http://www.jayjoseph.net/GeneIllusion.html |archive-date=2009-05-12 |access-date=2020-12-02 |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite book |last=Joseph |first=Jay |date=2004 |url=http://www.jayjoseph.net/GeneIllusion.html |title=The Gene Illusion: Genetic Research in Psychiatry and Psychology Under the Microscope |location=New York |publisher=Algora |isbn=978-0-87586-343-6 |||access-date=2020-12-02 |}}
* {{cite journal |last=Joseph |first=Jay |title=The 1942 'euthanasia' debate in the ''American Journal of Psychiatry'' |journal=History of Psychiatry |volume=16 |issue=62 Pt. 2 |pages=171–179 |date=June 2005 |pmid=16013119 |doi=10.1177/0957154x05047004 |s2cid=35728753 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00570816/file/PEER_stage2_10.1177%252F0957154X05047004.pdf |access-date=2020-12-02 |archive-date=2020-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731020243/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00570816/file/PEER_stage2_10.1177%252F0957154X05047004.pdf |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite journal |last=Joseph |first=Jay |title=The 1942 'euthanasia' debate in the ''American Journal of Psychiatry'' |journal=History of Psychiatry |volume=16 |issue=62 Pt. 2 |pages=171–179 |date=June 2005 |pmid=16013119 |doi=10.1177/0957154x05047004 |s2cid=35728753 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00570816/file/PEER_stage2_10.1177%252F0957154X05047004.pdf |access-date=2020-12-02 |||}}
* {{cite book |last=Joseph |first=Jay |title=The Missing Gene: Psychiatry, Heredity, and the Fruitless Search for Genes |date=2006 |publisher=Algora |location=New York |isbn=978-0-87586-410-5 |url=http://www.jayjoseph.net/MissingGene.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417170900/http://www.jayjoseph.net/MissingGene.html |archive-date=2009-04-17 |access-date=2020-12-02 |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite book |last=Joseph |first=Jay |title=The Missing Gene: Psychiatry, Heredity, and the Fruitless Search for Genes |date=2006 |publisher=Algora |location=New York |isbn=978-0-87586-410-5 |url=http://www.jayjoseph.net/MissingGene.html |||access-date=2020-12-02 |}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kerr |first1=Anne |last2=Shakespeare |first2=Tom |title=Genetic Politics: from Eugenics to Genome |date=2002 |publisher=New Clarion |location=Cheltenham |isbn=978-1-873797-25-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kerr |first1=Anne |last2=Shakespeare |first2=Tom |title=Genetic Politics: from Eugenics to Genome |date=2002 |publisher=New Clarion |location=Cheltenham |isbn=978-1-873797-25-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Maranto |first=Gina |title=Quest for perfection: the drive to breed better human beings |date=1996 |publisher=Scribner |location=New York |isbn=978-0-684-80029-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/questforperfecti00mara }}
* {{cite book |last=Maranto |first=Gina |title=Quest for perfection: the drive to breed better human beings |date=1996 |publisher=Scribner |location=New York |isbn=978-0-684-80029-5 |}}
* {{cite book |last=Ordover |first=Nancy |title=American Eugenics: Race, Queer Anatomy, and the Science of Nationalism |date=2003 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |location=Minneapolis |isbn=978-0-8166-3559-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Ordover |first=Nancy |title=American Eugenics: Race, Queer Anatomy, and the Science of Nationalism |date=2003 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |location=Minneapolis |isbn=978-0-8166-3559-7}}
* {{cite journal |last=Shakespeare |first=Tom |author-link=Tom Shakespeare |title=Back to the Future? New Genetics and Disabled People |journal=Critical Social Policy |volume=46 |issue= 44–45 |pages=22–35 |date=1995 |doi= 10.1177/026101839501504402 |s2cid=145688957 |url=}}
* {{cite journal |last=Shakespeare |first=Tom ||title=Back to the Future? New Genetics and Disabled People |journal=Critical Social Policy |volume=46 |issue= 44–45 |pages=22–35 |date=1995 |doi= 10.1177/026101839501504402 |s2cid=145688957 |url=}}
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Andrea |title=Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide |date=2005 |publisher=South End Press |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0-89608-743-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Andrea |title=Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide |date=2005 |publisher=South End Press |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0-89608-743-9}}
* {{cite journal |last=Wahlsten |first=D. |title=Leilani Muir versus the philosopher king: Eugenics on trial in Alberta |journal=Genetica |volume=99 |issue=2–3 |pages=185–198 |date=1997 |pmid=9463073 |doi=10.1007/BF02259522 |url=http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/D_Wahlsten_Leilani_1997.pdf |citeseerx=10.1.1.476.9688 |s2cid=45536970 |access-date=2020-12-02 |archive-date=2017-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812102914/http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/D_Wahlsten_Leilani_1997.pdf |dead-url=no }}
* {{cite journal |last=Wahlsten |first=D. |title=Leilani Muir versus the philosopher king: Eugenics on trial in Alberta |journal=Genetica |volume=99 |issue=2–3 |pages=185–198 |date=1997 |pmid=9463073 |doi=10.1007/BF02259522 |url=http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/D_Wahlsten_Leilani_1997.pdf |citeseerx=10.1.1.476.9688 |s2cid=45536970 |access-date=2020-12-02 |||}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


取自“https://www.qiuwenbaike.cn/wiki/優生學”