洞口之战：修订间差异

| partof = [[三国]]战争

| date = 222年10月 – 223年1月<ref>(秋九月，魏乃命曹休、张遼、臧霸出洞口，曹仁出濡须，曹真、夏侯尚、张郃、徐晃围南郡。 ... 冬十一月，大风。吕范等兵溺死者数千，余军还江南。曹休使臧霸以轻船五百、敢死万人袭攻徐陵，燒攻城车，杀略数千人。)《三国志》卷四十七</ref>

| place = 洞口（今[[江苏]][[溧阳]][[长江]]沿岸）

| result = 孙吴获胜，总体僵持，曹魏撤退

| combatant2 = [[孙吴]]

| commander2 = [[吕范]]

'''洞口之战'''是222年10月至223年1月发生在[[曹魏]]和[[孙吴]]之间的一场水上战役。孙吴最终贏得这场战役胜利。

[[蜀汉|蜀]]帝[[刘备]]在[[夷陵之战]]被[[孙权]]的部队击败后，自[[麦城之战]]以来有所緩和的曹魏和孙吴关系又有所恶化。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Online Publications|url=http://www.anu.edu.au/asianstudies/decrespigny/gos_ch7.pdf|accessdate=7 April 2012|author=De Crespigny|first=Rafe|work=Asian Studies|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608020555/http://www.anu.edu.au/asianstudies/decrespigny/gos_ch7.pdf|archivedate=8 June 2011|quote=With the full defeat of Liu Bei in the late summer and early autumn of 222, Sun Quan had obtained all possible benefit from his formal submission to Cao Pi and the empire of Wei, and he wasted very little time in breaking that connection.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Online Publications|url=http://www.anu.edu.au/asianstudies/decrespigny/gos_ch7.pdf|accessdate=7 April 2012|author=De Crespigny|first=Rafe|work=Asian Studies|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608020555/http://www.anu.edu.au/asianstudies/decrespigny/gos_ch7.pdf|archivedate=8 June 2011|quote=It had never been popular with his officers.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Online Publications|url=http://www.anu.edu.au/asianstudies/decrespigny/gos_ch7.pdf|accessdate=7 April 2012|author=De Crespigny|first=Rafe|work=Asian Studies|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608020555/http://www.anu.edu.au/asianstudies/decrespigny/gos_ch7.pdf|archivedate=8 June 2011|quote=, and even at the time of his enfeoffment as King of Wu there had been those who argued against accepting such a rank from the usurping Emperor, and who suggested that Sun Quan should take some independent title as Lord of Nine Provinces, claiming hegemony in support of Han. This was, as we have discussed, quite inappropriate and impractical in the circumstances, and the submission to Cao Pi was an essential preparation for dealing with Liu Bei.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Online Publications|url=http://www.anu.edu.au/asianstudies/decrespigny/gos_ch7.pdf|accessdate=7 April 2012|author=De Crespigny|first=Rafe|work=Asian Studies|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608020555/http://www.anu.edu.au/asianstudies/decrespigny/gos_ch7.pdf|archivedate=8 June 2011|quote=On the other hand, the alliance with the north was always a matter of expediency, and there seems no probability that Sun Quan intended it to last any longer than it needed.}}</ref>

曹魏皇帝[[曹丕]]要求孙权派长子[[孙登 (太子)|孙登]]前往曹魏首都[[洛阳市|洛阳]]作为人质。然而孙权拒绝了这个要求，后来孙权又向曹丕道歉，声称他的儿子还很小，健康状况不佳，无法出门在外。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Online Publications|url=http://www.anu.edu.au/asianstudies/decrespigny/gos_ch7.pdf|accessdate=7 April 2012|author=De Crespigny|first=Rafe|work=Asian Studies|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608020555/http://www.anu.edu.au/asianstudies/decrespigny/gos_ch7.pdf|archivedate=8 June 2011|quote=Sun Quan sent up a letter of apology, saying that his son was too young and delicate in health to be sent away from home, and for the time being Cao Pi did not press the matter.}}</ref>但曹丕依然要求孙登作为人质，这一要求被孙权再次拒绝了。

两国之间的外交关系持续恶化，最后曹丕决定进攻孙权。孙权派使节前往曹魏谈判，希望能维持和平，但曹魏拒绝。不久，孙权在222年11月宣布使用自己的年号黄武，不再使用曹魏的年号[[黄初]]。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Online Publications|url=http://www.anu.edu.au/asianstudies/decrespigny/gos_ch7.pdf|accessdate=7 April 2012|author=De Crespigny|first=Rafe|work=Asian Studies|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608020555/http://www.anu.edu.au/asianstudies/decrespigny/gos_ch7.pdf|archivedate=8 June 2011|quote=At this ultimatum, surely by no means unexpected, in the tenth month, being early November of 222, Sun Quan declared his independence of Wei.}}</ref>

222年10月下旬，曹丕下令[[曹休]]、[[张遼|张辽]]、镇东将军[[臧霸]]、豫州刺史[[贾逵 (三国)|贾逵]]率各州郡二十余军的兵力沿[[资江]]而下进军历阳洞浦，攻击[[洞口县]]；[[曹仁]]进攻濡须；[[曹真]]、[[夏侯尚]]、[[张郃]]和[[徐晃]]围攻[[南郡]]。<ref>(秋九月，魏乃命曹休、张遼、臧霸出洞口，曹仁出濡须，曹真、夏侯尚、张郃、徐晃围南郡。)《三国志》卷四十七</ref>作为回应，孙权让[[吕范]]指挥[[徐盛]]、偏将军[[全琮]]、[[孙韶]]等人率领五军的兵力抗击[[曹休]]，迁吕范为前将军；派遣[[诸葛瑾]]、[[潘璋]]和杨粲前去以解除曹魏对由[[朱然]]守卫的南郡的围困，而[[朱桓]]则去濡须防守以应对曹仁的进攻。<ref>(权遣吕范等督五军，以舟军拒休等，诸葛瑾、潘璋、杨粲救南郡，朱桓以濡须督拒仁。)《三国志》卷四十七</ref>

=== 曹魏进攻 ===

最初，曹魏军很快就穿透孙吴防线。此外，吕范的部队遭到暴风雨袭击，造成了严重损失，尽管曹休也因暴风雨而受阻。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Online Publications|url=http://www.anu.edu.au/asianstudies/decrespigny/gos_ch7.pdf|accessdate=7 April 2012|author=De Crespigny|first=Rafe|work=Asian Studies|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608020555/http://www.anu.edu.au/asianstudies/decrespigny/gos_ch7.pdf|archivedate=8 June 2011|quote=His adviser Dong Zhao assured him he need have no such worry: even if Cao Xiu was hot-headed enough to court such disaster, his wiser subordinates would be quite well aware of the dangers and would refuse to support him. Cao Pi may have been re-assured that Cao Xiu would not do anything rash, but there is nothing in the record to suggest that anyone under his command had any confidence of the most limited success.}}</ref>吕范有的军队被吹到敌岸之上，曹休、张辽、臧霸、兖州刺史[[王凌 (三国)|王凌]]等乘机进攻，吕范军战死及溺死者有数千人。吕范与曹休们交战的时候，孙权的弟弟定武中郎将[[孙朗|孙仁]]违反军令私自把吕范的军需物资烧毁了，因此吕范无法重整军力，于是引军退守江南，把孙仁交给孙权处置。[[孙权]]听到[[张遼|张辽]]也参与进攻，顿时感到害怕，孙权对他的下属说：“虽然张辽已经生病，但他仍然是一个不容小覷的敌人。 大家要小心！”后来张辽和其他曹魏将军击败了[[吕范]]。<ref>(权甚惮焉，敕诸将：“张遼虽病，不可当也，慎之！”是岁，遼与诸将破权将吕范。)《三国志》卷一十七</ref>此后曹休、张辽和臧霸在洞口与吕范、徐盛、全琮和孙韶等人对峙。<ref>(曹休、张遼，臧霸等来伐，范督徐盛、全琮、孙韶等，以舟师拒休等于洞口。)《三国志》卷五十六</ref>张辽在江都病逝。

由于孙吴增援部队到达，吕范、徐盛和孙韶阻止了曹魏的进一步进攻，且曹魏也无法突破南郡。最终，洞口的曹休以及曹魏军被击退，并撤回到了曹魏都城[[洛阳市|洛阳]]。

洞口之战曹魏失利后，孙权趁机于223年夏天发动反击，成功佔领了[[蕲春县|蘄春]]。孙权成功抵擋魏国侵略，与曹魏彻底決裂，并最终于229年称帝。

而孙仁因在洞口之战中的作战失误，被开除出孙氏宗族，并更名为丁朗，且不再允许他带兵。

== 参战人员 ==

* 征东大将军 '''[[曹休]]'''

** 军师 '''[[赵儼]]'''

* 前将军 '''[[张遼]]'''

* 镇东将军 '''[[臧霸]]'''

* {{KIA}} '''[[尹礼]]'''

=== 孙吴 ===

* 前将军 '''[[吕范]]'''

* 安东将军 '''[[贺齐]]'''

* 建武将军 '''[[徐盛]]'''

* 揚威将军 '''[[孙韶]]'''

* 偏将军 '''[[全琮]]'''

* '''[[孙朗]]'''

== 三国演义 ==

在[[三国演义]]中，曹魏将军[[张遼]]在保卫[[曹丕]]免受孙吴将军[[丁奉]]袭击而被[[丁奉]]射中腰部。战斗结束后不久，张遼就因箭伤而死。曹丕为张辽举行了隆重的葬礼。<ref>《三国演义》第86回</ref>洞口之战的过程也被略写为“曹休被吕范杀败”。

; 史实

222年，即使张遼生病了，他仍参加了洞口之战。当孙权听说张辽也参战时，警告他的手下要小心。张辽和其他曹魏将领曾击败了孙吴将领吕范。但是，张辽的病情逐渐恶化了，并于当年晚些时候在[[江都]]去世。<ref>(遼还屯雍丘，得疾。帝遣侍中刘曄将太医视疾，虎賁问消息，道路相属。疾未瘳，帝迎遼就行在所，车驾亲临，执其手，赐以御衣，太官日送御食。疾小差，还屯。孙权复叛，帝遣遼乘舟，与曹休至海陵，临江。权甚惮焉，敕诸将：“张遼虽病，不可当也，慎之！”是岁，遼与诸将破权将吕范。遼病篤，遂薨于江都。)《三国志》卷一十七</ref>

在[[光荣|Koei]]的[[真·三国无双系列]]的[[真·三国无双6]]中涉及洞口之战。洞口之战是[[孙吴]]故事模式的最后一个阶段，当玩家使用[[孙权]]的时候张遼会被孙权杀死。

* [[陈寿]] 。 ''[[三国志]]'' 。