卡爾梅克衛拉特語：修订间差异

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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=卡爾梅克衛拉特語
|name=卡尔梅克卫拉特语
|nativename={{lang|ru|Хальмг келн}} ''{{lang|en|Xal'mg keln}}''
|nativename={{lang|ru|Хальмг келн}} ''{{lang|en|Xal'mg keln}}''
|ethnicity=[[卡爾梅克]]
|ethnicity=[[卡尔梅克]]
|states=[[俄羅斯]]
|states=[[俄罗斯]]
|region=[[卡爾梅克]]
|region=[[卡尔梅克]]
|speakers=153,602人於俄羅斯(大部分在卡爾梅克);<ref name="UNESCO">[http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/index.php?hl=en&page=atlasmap&lid=368 UNESCO Atlas of the World's languages in danger] Retrieved on 2012-10-31</ref>全部518,500人<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/%5C/15/show_language.asp?code=xal ''Ethnologue'' Kalmyk-Oirat page]{{dead link|date=2017年11月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved on 2012-10-31</ref>
|speakers=153,602人于俄罗斯(大部分在卡尔梅克);<ref name="UNESCO">[http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/index.php?hl=en&page=atlasmap&lid=368 UNESCO Atlas of the World's languages in danger] Retrieved on 2012-10-31</ref>全部518,500人<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/%5C/15/show_language.asp?code=xal ''Ethnologue'' Kalmyk-Oirat page]{{dead link|date=2017年11月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved on 2012-10-31</ref>
|date=2002 for Russia, date missing for total speakers
|date=2002 for Russia, date missing for total speakers
|familycolor=阿爾泰語系
|familycolor=阿尔泰语系
|fam1=[[蒙古語族]]
|fam1=[[蒙古语族]]
|fam2=中蒙古語支
|fam2=中蒙古语支
|fam3=[[卫拉特语]]
|fam3=[[卫拉特语]]
|fam4={{tsl|en|Torgut Oirat|土爾扈特衛拉特語}}及[[杜尔伯特部 (绰罗斯氏)|杜爾伯特衛拉特語]]
|fam4={{tsl|en|Torgut Oirat|土尔扈特卫拉特语}}及[[杜尔伯特部 (绰罗斯氏)|杜尔伯特卫拉特语]]
|iso2=xal|iso3=xal
|iso2=xal|iso3=xal
|lingua = part of 44-BAA-b
|lingua = part of 44-BAA-b
|script= [[西里爾字母]]、[[拉丁字母]]、[[托忒蒙古文]]
|script= [[西里尔字母]]、[[拉丁字母]]、[[托忒蒙古文]]
|nation=[[卡尔梅克共和国]]
|nation=[[卡尔梅克共和国]]
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
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}}
}}


'''卡爾梅克衛拉特語'''（'''{{lang|tut|Хальмг келн}}'''），為[[卡爾梅克人]]和[[衛拉特]]蒙古人的語言，屬[[卫拉特语]]。使用在[[俄羅斯聯邦]][[卡爾梅克共和國]]、中國西部、蒙古西部。在上述每個國家大約有 160,000人在使用卡爾梅克語。
'''卡尔梅克卫拉特语'''（'''{{lang|tut|Хальмг келн}}'''），为[[卡尔梅克人]]和[[卫拉特]]蒙古人的语言，属[[卫拉特语]]。使用在[[俄罗斯联邦]][[卡尔梅克共和国]]、中国西部、蒙古西部。在上述每个国家大约有 160,000人在使用卡尔梅克语。


== 分布和名稱 ==
== 分布和名称 ==
* 在中國，衛拉特語也常被稱為'''[[蒙古語]]衛拉特方言'''，有[[土爾扈特土語]]（新疆）和[[青海土語]]（卽[[和碩特]][[方言]]）兩種次方言。有14万人使用，其中11万使用土爾扈特土語，3万使用青海土语。
* 在中国，卫拉特语也常被称为'''[[蒙古语]]卫拉特方言'''，有[[土尔扈特土语]]（新疆）和[[青海土语]]（卽[[和硕特]][[方言]]）两种次方言。有14万人使用，其中11万使用土尔扈特土语，3万使用青海土语。
* [[蒙古国]]有21万人使用，其中14万为[[卫拉特]]，6万为[[杜尔伯特 (蒙古族)|杜尔伯特]]，1万为[[土爾扈特]]。
* [[蒙古国]]有21万人使用，其中14万为[[卫拉特]]，6万为[[杜尔伯特 (蒙古族)|杜尔伯特]]，1万为[[土尔扈特]]。
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卡爾梅克語 belongs to the 卡爾梅克-衛拉特 subgroup of the [[蒙古语族]]. It also has some elements in common with the [[乌拉尔语系]] and [[突厥语族]] languages, sometimes speculated to be a member of the disputed [[阿尔泰语系]] or [[乌拉尔-阿尔泰语系]] language family. This reflects Kalmyk's origin as the common language of the [[卫拉特]], a union of four Kalmyk tribes that absorbed some Ugric and Turkic tribes during their expansion westward.
卡尔梅克语 belongs to the 卡尔梅克-卫拉特 subgroup of the [[蒙古语族]]. It also has some elements in common with the [[乌拉尔语系]] and [[突厥语族]] languages, sometimes speculated to be a member of the disputed [[阿尔泰语系]] or [[乌拉尔-阿尔泰语系]] language family. This reflects Kalmyk's origin as the common language of the [[卫拉特]], a union of four Kalmyk tribes that absorbed some Ugric and Turkic tribes during their expansion westward.


The literary tradition of Kalmyk reaches back to 11世纪 when the [[维吾尔族]] script was used. The official Kalmyk alphabet named [[圖得畢其]] (Тодо Бичг，簡明字體) was created in the 17th century by a Kalmyk Buddhist monk called [[札雅·潘第]]. In 1924 this script was replaced by a [[西里尔字母]], which was abandoned in 1930 in favor of a [[拉丁字母]]. The Latin script was in turn replaced by another Cyrillic script in 1938. These script reforms effectively disrupted the Kalmyk literary tradition.
The literary tradition of Kalmyk reaches back to 11世纪 when the [[维吾尔族]] script was used. The official Kalmyk alphabet named [[图得畢其]] (Тодо Бичг，简明字体) was created in the 17th century by a Kalmyk Buddhist monk called [[札雅·潘第]]. In 1924 this script was replaced by a [[西里尔字母]], which was abandoned in 1930 in favor of a [[拉丁字母]]. The Latin script was in turn replaced by another Cyrillic script in 1938. These script reforms effectively disrupted the Kalmyk literary tradition.


The Kalmyks suffered greatly during the [[苏联]] period. Half of all Kalmyk speakers died during the [[Russian Civil War]]. [[Stalin]]'s [[ethnic cleansing]]s also significantly reduced the population of the Kalmyk people. Until recently, the Kalmyk population in Russia was at lower levels than it had been in [[1913]]. [[Russian language|Russian]] was made the primary official language of Kalmykia, and in [[1963]] the last Kalmyk language classes were closed and Russian became the language of education for Kalmyk children.
The Kalmyks suffered greatly during the [[苏联]] period. Half of all Kalmyk speakers died during the [[Russian Civil War]]. [[Stalin]]'s [[ethnic cleansing]]s also significantly reduced the population of the Kalmyk people. Until recently, the Kalmyk population in Russia was at lower levels than it had been in [[1913]]. [[Russian language|Russian]] was made the primary official language of Kalmykia, and in [[1963]] the last Kalmyk language classes were closed and Russian became the language of education for Kalmyk children.
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== 書寫系統 ==
== 书写系统 ==
=== 俄羅斯 ===
=== 俄罗斯 ===
俄羅斯卡爾梅克共和國所採用的書寫系統：
俄罗斯卡尔梅克共和国所采用的书写系统：


'''卡爾梅克的拉丁化字母表 (1930-1938):'''
'''卡尔梅克的拉丁化字母表 (1930-1938):'''


{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
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|}
|}


'''現在使用的基里爾字母表：'''
'''现在使用的基里尔字母表：'''


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! align="center"|[[西里尔字母|西里爾字母]]
! align="center"|[[西里尔字母]]
! align="center"|[[國際音標|IPA]]
! align="center"|[[国际音标|IPA]]
! align="center"|[[拉丁字母]]
! align="center"|[[拉丁字母]]
!
!
! align="center"|西里爾字母
! align="center"|西里尔字母
! align="center"|IPA
! align="center"|IPA
! align="center"|拉丁字母
! align="center"|拉丁字母
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|}
|}


=== 中國的使用 ===
=== 中国的使用 ===
中國[[新疆]][[巴音郭勒蒙古族自治州]]等地的蒙古族，民間依舊採用發音更吻合自己衛拉特方言的[[托忒蒙古文]]。但是官方教育使用和[[内蒙古自治區]]一樣的蒙古語文，以求統一。
中国[[新疆]][[巴音郭勒蒙古族自治州]]等地的蒙古族，民间依旧采用发音更吻合自己卫拉特方言的[[托忒蒙古文]]。但是官方教育使用和[[内蒙古自治区]]一样的蒙古语文，以求统一。


== 註釋 ==
== 注释 ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


== 參閲 ==
== 参閲 ==
* [[蒙古语|蒙古語]]
* [[蒙古语]]
* [[布里亞特語]]
* [[布里亚特语]]


== 外部連結 ==
== 外部链接 ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060214153127/http://www.rosettaproject.org/live/search/detailedlanguagerecord?ethnocode=KGZ Rosetta Project entry for Kalmyk]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060214153127/http://www.rosettaproject.org/live/search/detailedlanguagerecord?ethnocode=KGZ Rosetta Project entry for Kalmyk]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081007145834/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kgz Summary] from the [[Ethnologue]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081007145834/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kgz Summary] from the [[Ethnologue]]
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[[Category:蒙古语方言]]
[[Category:蒙古语方言]]
[[Category:俄罗斯语言]]
[[Category:俄罗斯语言]]
[[Category:元音和諧語言]]
[[Category:元音和諧语言]]
[[Category:卡爾梅克共和國]]
[[Category:卡尔梅克共和国]]
取自“https://www.qiuwenbaike.cn/wiki/卡爾梅克衛拉特語”