柱頭(花):修订间差异

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(我来啦, replaced: 內 → 内, 參考 → 参考, 開 → 开, 學 → 学, 會 → 会, 長 → 长, 與 → 与 (2), 間 → 间, 風 → 风 (2), 關 → 关, 應 → 应, 對 → 对 (2), 動 → 动, 發 → 发 (5), 親 → 亲, 傳 → 传 (4), 號 → 号, 體 → 体 (3), 類 → 类, 稱 → 称 (2), 區 → 区 (2), 為 → 为 (5), 於 → 于 (3), 種 → 种 (7), 屬 → 属 (2), 該 → 该, 離 → 离, 達 → 达 (3), 並 → 并 (5), 後 → 后, 頭 → 头 (13), 產 → 产 (2), 過 → 过 (3), 確 → 确, 進 → 进, 個 → 个 (2), 漸 → 渐, 強 → 强, 資 → 资, 異 → 异, 當 → 当 (2), 紅 → 红, 潤 → 润, 連 → 连, 還 → 还 (2), 係 → 系, 訊 → 讯 (2), 時 → 时 (3), 態 → 态 (2), 別 → 别, 顯 → 显, 則 → 则, 頂 → 顶, 經 → 经, 執 → 执, 質 →…)
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[[File:2013-05-10 17-37-15-tulipe-44f.jpg|缩略图|[[鬱金香]]的柱,上面已附有[[花粉]]。]]
[[File:2013-05-10 17-37-15-tulipe-44f.jpg|缩略图|[[鬱金香]]的柱,上面已附有[[花粉]]。]]
[[File:Saffron stigmas Crocus speciosus corrected cropped.jpg|缩略图|[[番花]]的柱上有三串毛,每ㄧ串毛分別對應了一[[心皮]]。]]
[[File:Saffron stigmas Crocus speciosus corrected cropped.jpg|缩略图|[[番花]]的柱上有三串毛,每ㄧ串毛分别对应了一[[心皮]]。]]
[[File:Cornsilk 7091.jpg|缩略图|玉米[[玉米]]的柱。]]
[[File:Cornsilk 7091.jpg|缩略图|玉米[[玉米]]的柱。]]


'''柱'''({{lang-en|stigma}})位[[花]]的[[心皮]](或多心皮愈合)的端,以[[花柱]]接[[子房]]。[[粉]][[花粉]]落到柱上,出[[花粉管]]以到[[胚珠]]。柱通常具有粘性,演化出各不同有利接受花粉的形式<ref>''The Penguin Dictionary of Botany'', edited by Elizabeth Toothill, Penguin Books 1984 ISBN 0-14-051126-1</ref>,花粉可能透過風傳遞到柱([[粉]]),也可能透過動物或水流。
'''柱'''({{lang-en|stigma}})位[[花]]的[[心皮]](或多心皮愈合)的端,以[[花柱]]接[[子房]]。[[粉]][[花粉]]落到柱上,出[[花粉管]]以到[[胚珠]]。柱通常具有粘性,演化出各不同有利接受花粉的形式<ref>''The Penguin Dictionary of Botany'', edited by Elizabeth Toothill, Penguin Books 1984 ISBN 0-14-051126-1</ref>,花粉可能透过风传递到柱([[粉]]),也可能透过动物或水流。


的外形變異很大,有細型或形,可能具有毛。花粉離開[[花|花葯]],通常是呈脫水狀,抵頭後有助花粉濕潤並花粉管<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.plantcell.org/content/16/suppl_1/S84.full |author=Anna F. Edlund, Robert Swanson and Daphne Preuss |year= 2004 |title=Pollen and stigma structure and function: the role of diversity in pollination |journal=Plant Cell |volume=16 |issue=Supplement |pages=84-97 |doi=10.1105/tpc.015800 }}</ref>。柱可以保萌的花粉屬於同[[ (生物)|]]植物,可以行[[孢子]][[自交不和性]],避免基因型太接近的花粉萌出花粉管,以[[蕓薹]]植物例,花粉壁具有S基因的物SCR<ref>{{cite journal |author=Schopfer, C. R., M. E. Nasrallah, and J. B. Nasrallah |title=The male determinant of self-incompatibility in Brassica |journal=Science |volume=286 | doi = 10.1126/science.286.5445.1697 |pages=1697–1700 |year=1999 |issue=5445 |pmid=10576728 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.040556397 |author=Takayama, S., H. Shiba, M. Iwano, H. Shimosato, F.-S. Che, N. Kai, M. Watanabe, G. Suzuki, K. Hinata, and A. Isogai |title=The pollen determinant of self-incompatibility in Brassica campestris |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=97 |issue=4 |pages=1920–5 |year=2000 |pmid=10677556 |pmc=26537 }}</ref>(皆富含[[半胱胺酸]]的蛋白),S基因可能具有高基因型,彼此漸進隱性關係。柱頭則具有稱為SRK的[[膜蛋白]],在胞有[[激酶]]的活性域<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.88.19.8816 |author=Stein, J. C., B. Howlett, D. C. Boyes, M. E. Nasrallah, and J. B. Nasrallah |title=Molecular cloning of a putative receptor protein kinase gene encoded at the self-incompatibility locus of Brassica oleracea |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=88 |issue=19 |pages=8816–20 |year=1991 |pmid=1681543 |pmc=52601 }}: .</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Nasrallah, J. B., and M. E. Nasrallah |title=Pollen–stigma signalling in the sporophytic self-incompatibility response |journal=Pl. Cell |volume=5 |pages=1325–35 |year=1993 |doi=10.2307/3869785}}</ref>,不同SRK是不同SCR的[[受]]。另外柱頭還產生一種稱為SLG的蛋白蛋白SRK序列似,可能是SCR的共同受器,用以增強訊號<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/35002628 |author=Takasaki, T., K. Hatakeyama, G. Suzuki, M. Watanabe, A. Isogai, and K. Hinata |title=The S receptor kinase determines self-incompatibility in ''Brassica stigma'' |journal=Nature |volume=403 |issue=6772 |pages=913–6 |year=2000 |pmid=10706292 }}</ref>SRKSCR配對時使SRK的激酶域{{link-en|自磷酸化|Autophosphorylation}},並經過尚不清楚的下游途徑傳遞訊息,阻止花粉管萌<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1104/pp.124.3.935 |author=Schopfer, C. R., and J. B. Nasrallah |title=Self-incompatibility. Prospects for a novel putative peptide-signaling molecule |journal=Pl. Physiol. |volume=124 |pages=935–9 |year=2000 |issue=3 }}</ref>。
的外形变异很大,有細型或形,可能具有毛。花粉离开[[花|花葯]],通常是呈脫水狀,抵头后有助花粉濕润并花粉管<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.plantcell.org/content/16/suppl_1/S84.full |author=Anna F. Edlund, Robert Swanson and Daphne Preuss |year= 2004 |title=Pollen and stigma structure and function: the role of diversity in pollination |journal=Plant Cell |volume=16 |issue=Supplement |pages=84-97 |doi=10.1105/tpc.015800 }}</ref>。柱可以保萌的花粉属于同[[ (生物)|]]植物,可以行[[孢子]][[自交不和性]],避免基因型太接近的花粉萌出花粉管,以[[蕓薹]]植物例,花粉壁具有S基因的物SCR<ref>{{cite journal |author=Schopfer, C. R., M. E. Nasrallah, and J. B. Nasrallah |title=The male determinant of self-incompatibility in Brassica |journal=Science |volume=286 | doi = 10.1126/science.286.5445.1697 |pages=1697–1700 |year=1999 |issue=5445 |pmid=10576728 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.040556397 |author=Takayama, S., H. Shiba, M. Iwano, H. Shimosato, F.-S. Che, N. Kai, M. Watanabe, G. Suzuki, K. Hinata, and A. Isogai |title=The pollen determinant of self-incompatibility in Brassica campestris |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=97 |issue=4 |pages=1920–5 |year=2000 |pmid=10677556 |pmc=26537 }}</ref>(皆富含[[半胱胺酸]]的蛋白),S基因可能具有高基因型,彼此渐进隱性关系。柱头则具有称为SRK的[[膜蛋白]],在胞有[[激酶]]的活性域<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.88.19.8816 |author=Stein, J. C., B. Howlett, D. C. Boyes, M. E. Nasrallah, and J. B. Nasrallah |title=Molecular cloning of a putative receptor protein kinase gene encoded at the self-incompatibility locus of Brassica oleracea |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=88 |issue=19 |pages=8816–20 |year=1991 |pmid=1681543 |pmc=52601 }}: .</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Nasrallah, J. B., and M. E. Nasrallah |title=Pollen–stigma signalling in the sporophytic self-incompatibility response |journal=Pl. Cell |volume=5 |pages=1325–35 |year=1993 |doi=10.2307/3869785}}</ref>,不同SRK是不同SCR的[[受]]。另外柱头还产生一种称为SLG的蛋白蛋白SRK序列似,可能是SCR的共同受器,用以增强讯号<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/35002628 |author=Takasaki, T., K. Hatakeyama, G. Suzuki, M. Watanabe, A. Isogai, and K. Hinata |title=The S receptor kinase determines self-incompatibility in ''Brassica stigma'' |journal=Nature |volume=403 |issue=6772 |pages=913–6 |year=2000 |pmid=10706292 }}</ref>SRKSCR配对时使SRK的激酶域{{link-en|自磷酸化|Autophosphorylation}},并经过尚不清楚的下游途径传递讯息,阻止花粉管萌<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1104/pp.124.3.935 |author=Schopfer, C. R., and J. B. Nasrallah |title=Self-incompatibility. Prospects for a novel putative peptide-signaling molecule |journal=Pl. Physiol. |volume=124 |pages=935–9 |year=2000 |issue=3 }}</ref>。


== 料 ==
== 料 ==
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{{植物学}}
{{植物学}}


[[Category:植物形態學]]
[[Category:植物形态学]]
[[Category:植物的性]]
[[Category:植物的性]]