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|work = Wireless Information System for Emergency Responders (WISER)
|work = Wireless Information System for Emergency Responders (WISER)
|accessdate = 2008-11-23
|accessdate = 2008-11-23
|
|archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/618bQEh1E?url=http://webwiser.nlm.nih.gov/getSubstanceData.do;jsessionid=89B673C34252C77B4C276F2B2D0E4260?substanceID=419
|
|archive-date = 2011-08-22
|
|dead-url = yes
}} (public domain text)</ref><ref>{{cite journal
}} (public domain text)</ref><ref>{{cite journal
|title = Nitric acid processing
|title = Nitric acid processing
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|quote = While plutonium dioxide is normally olive green, samples can be various colors. It is generally believed that the color is a function of chemical purity, stoichiometry, particle size, and method of preparation, although the color resulting from a given preparation method is not always reproducible.
|quote = While plutonium dioxide is normally olive green, samples can be various colors. It is generally believed that the color is a function of chemical purity, stoichiometry, particle size, and method of preparation, although the color resulting from a given preparation method is not always reproducible.
|accessdate = 2010-02-09
|accessdate = 2010-02-09
|
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100527200643/http://arq.lanl.gov/source/orgs/nmt/nmtdo/AQarchive/3rdQuarter08/page3.shtml
|
|archive-date = 2010-05-27
|
|dead-url = yes
}}</ref>。鈽在室溫下以[[鈽的同核異構體|α型]]存在，是元素最普遍的結構型態（[[同素異形體]]），質地如[[鑄鐵]]般堅而易脆，但與其他金屬製成[[合金]]後又變得柔軟而富延展性。鈽和多數金屬不同，它不是[[熱導率|熱]]和[[電導率|電]]的良好導體。它的[[熔點]]很低（640&nbsp;°C），而[[沸點]]異常的高（3327&nbsp;°C）<ref name = "WISER"/>。
}}</ref>。鈽在室溫下以[[鈽的同核異構體|α型]]存在，是元素最普遍的結構型態（[[同素異形體]]），質地如[[鑄鐵]]般堅而易脆，但與其他金屬製成[[合金]]後又變得柔軟而富延展性。鈽和多數金屬不同，它不是[[熱導率|熱]]和[[電導率|電]]的良好導體。它的[[熔點]]很低（640&nbsp;°C），而[[沸點]]異常的高（3327&nbsp;°C）<ref name = "WISER"/>。


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|last = Crooks
|last = Crooks
|first = William J.
|first = William J.
|
|deadurl = yes
|
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060320153404/http://ncsp.llnl.gov/ncset/Module10.pdf
|
|archivedate = 2006-03-20
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
*Pu(VI) — PuO<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup>（粉桔色）
*Pu(VI) — PuO<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup>（粉桔色）
第372行： 第372行：
|author = LBNL contributors
|author = LBNL contributors
|publisher = Advanced Computing for Science Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
|publisher = Advanced Computing for Science Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
|
|deadurl = yes
|
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080920143117/http://acs.lbl.gov/Seaborg.talks/65th-anniv/14.html
|
|archivedate = 2008-09-20
}}</ref>。在1940年的實驗裡，科學家以撞擊直接製造出[[錼]]-238，但在二天後產生[[β衰變]]，後被認定是元素94的形成<ref name = "Emsley2001">{{harvnb|Emsley|2001}}</ref>。
}}</ref>。在1940年的實驗裡，科學家以撞擊直接製造出[[錼]]-238，但在二天後產生[[β衰變]]，後被認定是元素94的形成<ref name = "Emsley2001">{{harvnb|Emsley|2001}}</ref>。


第447行： 第447行：
|year = 1997
|year = 1997
|accessdate = 2008-12-21
|accessdate = 2008-12-21
|
|deadurl = yes
|
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130705053828/http://docs.nrdc.org/nuclear/files/nuc_06129701a_185.pdf
|
|archivedate = 2013-07-05
}}</ref>。[[核動力|核能工業]]每年約產出20公噸的副產物鈽元素<ref name="CRC2006p4-27" />。多達1000公噸的鈽受到儲存，其中超過200公噸或用於製作、或提煉自核武器之中<ref name = "Emsley2001"/>。[[斯德哥爾摩國際和平研究所]]（SIPRI）估計迄2007年全球約有500公噸的鈽庫存量，平均分配於軍用和民用<ref>{{cite book|title=SIPRI Yearbook 2007: Armaments, Disarmament, and International Security|author=[[斯德哥爾摩國際和平研究所|Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2007|page=567|isbn=0199230218, 9780199230211|url=http://books.google.com/?id=2M0C6SERFG0C&pg=PA567}}</ref>。
}}</ref>。[[核動力|核能工業]]每年約產出20公噸的副產物鈽元素<ref name="CRC2006p4-27" />。多達1000公噸的鈽受到儲存，其中超過200公噸或用於製作、或提煉自核武器之中<ref name = "Emsley2001"/>。[[斯德哥爾摩國際和平研究所]]（SIPRI）估計迄2007年全球約有500公噸的鈽庫存量，平均分配於軍用和民用<ref>{{cite book|title=SIPRI Yearbook 2007: Armaments, Disarmament, and International Security|author=[[斯德哥爾摩國際和平研究所|Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2007|page=567|isbn=0199230218, 9780199230211|url=http://books.google.com/?id=2M0C6SERFG0C&pg=PA567}}</ref>。


第563行： 第563行：
|year = 2005
|year = 2005
|accessdate = 2009-02-15
|accessdate = 2009-02-15
|
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130216225324/http://arq.lanl.gov/source/orgs/nmt/nmtdo/AQarchive/05spring/heart.html
|
|archive-date = 2013-02-16
|
|dead-url = yes
}}</ref>。它是[[α粒子|α輻射體]]，同時具有高輻射能及低穿透性，故僅需低度防護措施。單一紙張就可以抵擋鈽-238所放射出的α粒子；同時，每公斤的鈽-238可產生約570瓦特熱能<ref name = "Heiserman1992"/><!-- Note: page 338 --><ref name="pumper"/>。以上特性使鈽-238適宜用於製作[[放射性同位素熱電機]]。
}}</ref>。它是[[α粒子|α輻射體]]，同時具有高輻射能及低穿透性，故僅需低度防護措施。單一紙張就可以抵擋鈽-238所放射出的α粒子；同時，每公斤的鈽-238可產生約570瓦特熱能<ref name = "Heiserman1992"/><!-- Note: page 338 --><ref name="pumper"/>。以上特性使鈽-238適宜用於製作[[放射性同位素熱電機]]。


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*{{cite web
*{{cite web
|url = http://www.llnl.gov/csts/publications/sutcliffe/
|url = http://www.llnl.gov/csts/publications/sutcliffe/
|
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060929015050/http://www.llnl.gov/csts/publications/sutcliffe/
|
|archivedate = 2006-09-29
|title = A Perspective on the Dangers of Plutonium
|title = A Perspective on the Dangers of Plutonium
|first = W.G.
|first = W.G.
第671行： 第671行：
|publisher = [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]]
|publisher = [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]]
|year = 1995
|year = 1995
|
|deadurl = yes
}}
}}
*{{cite web| url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/report/crs/97-564.htm
*{{cite web| url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/report/crs/97-564.htm
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|year = 2000
|year = 2000
|accessdate = 2009-02-15
|accessdate = 2009-02-15
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|deadurl = yes
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090203203853/http://www.fas.org/nuke/intro/nuke/plutonium.htm
|
|archivedate = 2009-02-03
}}
}}
*{{cite web
*{{cite web
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|author = Alsos contributors
|author = Alsos contributors
|accessdate = 2009-02-15
|accessdate = 2009-02-15
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090203184521/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=science%2FPlutonium
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|archive-date = 2009-02-03
|
|dead-url = yes
}}
}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080417110808/http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/podcast/element.asp Chemistry in its element podcast] (MP3) from the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]]'s [[Chemistry World]]: [http://www.rsc.org/images/CIIE_plutonium_48kbps_tcm18-121120.MP3 Plutonium]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080417110808/http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/podcast/element.asp Chemistry in its element podcast] (MP3) from the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]]'s [[Chemistry World]]: [http://www.rsc.org/images/CIIE_plutonium_48kbps_tcm18-121120.MP3 Plutonium]
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