缓步动物门:修订间差异

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{{main|隱生}}
{{main|隱生}}
[[File:Hypsibiusdujardini.jpg|缩略图|170px|右|''Hypsibius dujardini'' - 水熊虫的一种]]
[[File:Hypsibiusdujardini.jpg|缩略图|170px|右|''Hypsibius dujardini'' - 水熊虫的一种]]
缓步动物门具有全部四種[[隱生]](Cryptobiosis)性,即低湿隐生(Anhydrobiosis)、低温隐生(Cryobiosis)、变渗隐生(Osmobiosis)及缺氧隐生(Anoxybiosis),能夠在惡劣環境下停止所有[[新陈代谢]]。缓步动物也因此被认为是生命力最强的动物。在隱生的情況下,一般可以在高溫(151&nbsp;°C)、接近[[绝对零度]](-272&nbsp;°C)、高[[辐射]]、達到人類致死量 1000 倍的 X 射線、[[真空]]或6000 大氣壓下隱生的環境下生存數分鐘至數日不等。<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://pansci.asia/archives/89390|title=整個世界都是我的裝備庫!來看看地表最強的水熊秘訣|last=|first=|date=2015-12-02|work=|newspaper=[[PanSci 泛科學]]|accessdate=2017-03-09|language=zh-TW|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325022514/http://pansci.asia/archives/89390|archive-date=2017-03-25|dead-url=yes}}</ref>。
缓步动物门具有全部四種[[隱生]](Cryptobiosis)性,即低湿隐生(Anhydrobiosis)、低温隐生(Cryobiosis)、变渗隐生(Osmobiosis)及缺氧隐生(Anoxybiosis),能夠在惡劣環境下停止所有[[新陈代谢]]。缓步动物也因此被认为是生命力最强的动物。在隱生的情況下,一般可以在高溫(151&nbsp;°C)、接近[[绝对零度]](-272&nbsp;°C)、高[[辐射]]、達到人類致死量 1000 倍的 X 射線、[[真空]]或6000 大氣壓下隱生的環境下生存數分鐘至數日不等。<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://pansci.asia/archives/89390|title=整個世界都是我的裝備庫!來看看地表最強的水熊秘訣|last=|first=|date=2015-12-02|work=|newspaper=[[PanSci 泛科學]]|accessdate=2017-03-09|language=zh-TW|||}}</ref>。


=== 低湿隐生 ===
=== 低湿隐生 ===
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=== 在太空真空环境生存 ===
=== 在太空真空环境生存 ===
* '''[[外太空]]''':緩步動物是第一種已知可以在太空中生存的動物。在2007年,緩步動物在[[Foton-M|FOTON-M3]]任務中,在低地球軌道的太空中經歷了10天,暴露在真空的太空中,而它們活著回到了地球<ref name="Science-20080908">{{cite web |title=Creature Survives Naked in Space |url=http://www.space.com/5817-creature-survives-naked-space.html |date=8 September 2008 |publisher=[[Space.com]] |accessdate=2011-12-22 |archive-date=2018-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011042050/https://www.space.com/5817-creature-survives-naked-space.html |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="MSNBC-20111222">{{cite web |last=Mustain |first=Andrea |title=Weird wildlife: The real land animals of Antarctica |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45766560/ns/technology_and_science-science/ |date=22 December 2011 |publisher=[[MSNBC]] |accessdate=2011-12-22 |archive-date=2012-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107222024/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45766560/ns/technology_and_science-science |dead-url=no }}</ref>。在回到地球再水合之後,超過68%的保護主體在高能紫外線輻射下倖存了下來,並且有許多自行產生了胚胎,還有少數在充分暴露在[[太陽輻射]]後存活了下來<ref name="low-earth-orbit">{{Cite journal| last=Jönsson | first=K. Ingemar | last2=Rabbow | first2=Elke | last3=Schill | first3=Ralph O. | last4=Harms-Ringdahl | first4=Mats | last5=Rettberg | first5=Petra | date=2008-09-09 | title=Tardigrades survive exposure to space in low Earth orbit | journal=[[Current Biology]] | volume=18 | issue=17 | pages=R729–R731 | doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.048 | pmid=18786368| postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Courtland |first=Rachel |date=2008-09-08 |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14690-water-bears-are-first-animal-to-survive-space-vacuum.html |title='Water bears' are first animal to survive space vacuum |work=[[New Scientist]] |accessdate=2011-05-22 |archive-date=2015-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627030752/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14690-water-bears-are-first-animal-to-survive-space-vacuum.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>。在2011年5月,義大利的科學家將緩步動物與其它極端微生物搭乘[[STS-134]](最後一次的太空梭飛行,{{OV|105}})進入太空<ref>{{cite web |author=NASA Staff |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/BIOKIS.html |title=BIOKon In Space (BIOKIS) |date=2011-05-17 |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=2011-05-24 |archive-date=2019-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326185832/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/BIOKIS.html |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Brennard |first=Emma |title=Tardigrades: Water bears in space |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/12855775 |date=2011-05-17 |publisher=BBC |accessdate=2011-05-24 |archive-date=2017-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502042821/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/12855775 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2011-05-17|title=Tardigrades: Water bears in space|publisher=BBC Nature|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/12855775|accessdate=2013-08-01|archive-date=2017-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502042821/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/12855775|dead-url=no}}</ref>。他們的結論是微重力和宇宙輻射「對緩步動物的飛行影響不大,確認緩步動物能在太空研究中扮演有用的角色」<ref>{{cite web|last=Rebecchi|first=L., et. al|title=Two Tardigrade Species On Board the STS-134 Space Flight" in "International Symposium on Tardigrada, 23-26 July 2012|url=http://www.tardigrada.net/newsletter/images/symposia/12_Booklet.pdf|page=89|date=|accessdate=2013-01-14|archive-date=2018-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907220825/http://www.tardigrada.net/newsletter/images/symposia/12_Booklet.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref>。
* '''[[外太空]]''':緩步動物是第一種已知可以在太空中生存的動物。在2007年,緩步動物在[[Foton-M|FOTON-M3]]任務中,在低地球軌道的太空中經歷了10天,暴露在真空的太空中,而它們活著回到了地球<ref name="Science-20080908">{{cite web |title=Creature Survives Naked in Space |url=http://www.space.com/5817-creature-survives-naked-space.html |date=8 September 2008 |publisher=[[Space.com]] |accessdate=2011-12-22 |||}}</ref><ref name="MSNBC-20111222">{{cite web |last=Mustain |first=Andrea |title=Weird wildlife: The real land animals of Antarctica |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45766560/ns/technology_and_science-science/ |date=22 December 2011 |publisher=[[MSNBC]] |accessdate=2011-12-22 |||}}</ref>。在回到地球再水合之後,超過68%的保護主體在高能紫外線輻射下倖存了下來,並且有許多自行產生了胚胎,還有少數在充分暴露在[[太陽輻射]]後存活了下來<ref name="low-earth-orbit">{{Cite journal| last=Jönsson | first=K. Ingemar | last2=Rabbow | first2=Elke | last3=Schill | first3=Ralph O. | last4=Harms-Ringdahl | first4=Mats | last5=Rettberg | first5=Petra | date=2008-09-09 | title=Tardigrades survive exposure to space in low Earth orbit | journal=[[Current Biology]] | volume=18 | issue=17 | pages=R729–R731 | doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.048 | pmid=18786368| postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Courtland |first=Rachel |date=2008-09-08 |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14690-water-bears-are-first-animal-to-survive-space-vacuum.html |title='Water bears' are first animal to survive space vacuum |work=[[New Scientist]] |accessdate=2011-05-22 |||}}</ref>。在2011年5月,義大利的科學家將緩步動物與其它極端微生物搭乘[[STS-134]](最後一次的太空梭飛行,{{OV|105}})進入太空<ref>{{cite web |author=NASA Staff |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/BIOKIS.html |title=BIOKon In Space (BIOKIS) |date=2011-05-17 |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=2011-05-24 |||}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Brennard |first=Emma |title=Tardigrades: Water bears in space |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/12855775 |date=2011-05-17 |publisher=BBC |accessdate=2011-05-24 |||}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2011-05-17|title=Tardigrades: Water bears in space|publisher=BBC Nature|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/12855775|accessdate=2013-08-01|||}}</ref>。他們的結論是微重力和宇宙輻射「對緩步動物的飛行影響不大,確認緩步動物能在太空研究中扮演有用的角色」<ref>{{cite web|last=Rebecchi|first=L., et. al|title=Two Tardigrade Species On Board the STS-134 Space Flight" in "International Symposium on Tardigrada, 23-26 July 2012|url=http://www.tardigrada.net/newsletter/images/symposia/12_Booklet.pdf|page=89|date=|accessdate=2013-01-14|||}}</ref>。


== 胞囊 ==
== 胞囊 ==